Acacia farnesiana
| Acacia farnesiana | |
| Light: |  |
| Moisture: |   |
| Hardiness: | 8 |
| Soil pH: | 5.6-8.4 |
| Height: | 30' |
| Blooms: | Late Winter-Early Spring |
| Nitrogen Fixer | |
| Edible Rating: |  |
| Medicinal Rating: |  |
| Tea: | Yes |
Acacia farnesiana (common name: sweet acacia)
Propagation: Seed - best sown as soon as it is ripe in a sunny position in a warm greenhouse[1]. Stored seed should be scarified, pre-soaked for 12 hours in warm water and then sown in a warm greenhouse in March. The seed germinates in 3 - 4 weeks at 25°c[2]. As soon as the seedlings are large enough to handle, prick them out into individual pots and grow them on in a sunny position in the greenhouse for their first winter. Plant them out in late spring or early summer, after the last expected frosts, and consider giving them some protection from the cold for their first winter outdoors.
Cuttings of half-ripe wood with a heel, July/August in individual pots in a frame[3]. Overwinter in a greenhouse for the first winter and plant out in their permanent positions in late spring or early summer. Fair percentage[3].
Cultivation: Prefers a light sandy loam and a very sunny position sheltered from strong winds[1][4][5]. Plants can grow well in pure sand[6]. Most species in this genus become chlorotic on limey soils[7]. Established plants are very drought tolerant[8][9]. The species and its cultivars are reported to exhibit tolerance to drought, high pH, heat, low pH, salt, sand, slope, and Savannah[6]. Plants tolerate a pH range from 5.0 to 8.0[6].
Whilst this species is not very tolerant of cold, being damaged by even a few degrees of frost, the variety A. farnesiana cavenia seems to be more resistant to both drought and frost[6].
Both A. farnesiana and its var. cavenia are extensively cultivated for the essential oil in their flowers in and around Cannes, southern France, which is the centre for production of the perfume[229, 269.
This species has a symbiotic relationship with certain soil bacteria, these bacteria form nodules on the roots and fix atmospheric nitrogen. Some of this nitrogen is utilized by the growing plant but some can also be used by other plants growing nearby[6].
Range: The original range is uncertain, but is probably tropical America.
Habitat: Dry sandy soils in pinelands, hammocks and disturbed areas in south-eastern N. America[11].
Edibility: A low-quality gum obtained from the plant is used to prepare sweets[12].
Medicinal: The bark is astringent and demulcent[13]. Along with the leaves and roots it is used for medicinal purposes[6]. Colombians bathe in the bark decoction as a treatment for typhoid[6].
The gummy roots have been chewed as a treatment for sore throat[6].
A decoction of the gum from the trunk has been used in the treatment of diarrhoea[6].
An infusion of the flowers has been used as a stomachic. It is also used in the treatment of dyspepsia and neuroses[6]. The flowers are added to ointment, which is rubbed on the forehead to treat headaches[6].
The powdered dried leaves have been applied externally as a treatment for wounds[6].
The green pods have been decocted and used in the treatment of dysentery and inflammations of the skin and raucous membranes[6]. An infusion of the pod has been used in the treatment of sore throats, diarrhoea, leucorrhoea, conjunctivitis, and uterorrhagia[6].
The juice of the bark is used in Nepal to treat swellings[12].
Usage: An essential oil called Cassie is distilled from the flowers[11][6]. Cassie absolute is employed in preparation of violet bouquets and is extensively used in European perfumery[6]. Cassie pomades are manufactured in Uttar Pradesh and the Punjab. A deliciously scented essential oil, it has a fragrance of violets[9]. A mature plant 10 years old can yield 9 kg of flowers each year[9]. In a suitable climate, the trees begin to flower from their third year. The perfume is extracted from the flowers in form of concrete or pomade. Macerated flowers are placed in melted purified natural fat and allowed to stand for several hours. They are then replaced by fresh flowers and the process repeated until the fat is saturated with perfume. The fat is then melted, strained and cooled. This constitutes the pomade. Odour is that of violets but more intense. Absolute is prepared by mixing pomade with alcohol (2 - 3 kg to about 4 litres) and allowed to stand for 3 - 4 weeks at about -5°C. The alcohol is then separated and distilled over. The extract obtained is an olive-green liquid with strong odour of cassie flowers[6]. Mature trees can yield about 1 kilo of flowers per year[6].
The bark and the fruit are a source of tannin and used in making dyes and inks[8]. The seedpods contain about 23% tannin[13]. The bark, in combination with iron ores and salts, is used as a black dyestuff[6].
A gummy substance obtained from the young pods is used to mend pottery[8][6].
A mucilage can be manufactured from the gummy sap[11]. A gum exuding from trunk is considered to be superior to gum arabic in arts[6].
The woody branches are used in India as tooth brushes[6].
In suitable climates the plant is grown as a hedge[14]. The trees have also been used for erosion control in sandy soils[6][12].
Wood - heavy, hard, durable in the soil, close-grained. Used for fencing posts, agricultural implements, pegs, woodenware etc[14][8][6].
Soil: Can grow in light, medium, and heavy soils.
Drainage: Prefers well drained soil.
Flower Type: Hermaphrodite
Known Hazards: The seeds, containing an unnamed alkaloid, are used to kill rabid dogs in Brazil[6].
Links
References
- ↑ 1.0 1.1 Chittendon, Fred. RHS Dictionary of Plants. Oxford University Press, 1951.
- ↑ Rice, Graham. Growing from Seed Volume 1. Thompson and Morgan, 1987.
- ↑ 3.0 3.1 Sheat, Wilfrid. Propagation of Trees, Shrubs and Conifers. St Martin, 1948.
- ↑ Arnold-Forster, William. Shrubs for the Milder Counties.
- ↑ Polunin, Oleg. Flowers of the Mediterranean. Hogarth Press, 1987.
- ↑ 6.00 6.01 6.02 6.03 6.04 6.05 6.06 6.07 6.08 6.09 6.10 6.11 6.12 6.13 6.14 6.15 6.16 6.17 6.18 6.19 6.20 6.21 6.22 6.23 6.24 Duke, James. Handbook of Energy Crops. 1983.
- ↑ Huxley, Anthony. The New Royal Horticultural Society Dictionary of Gardening. MacMillan Press, 1992.
- ↑ 8.0 8.1 8.2 8.3 8.4 Vines, Robert. Trees of North Texas. University of Texas Press, 1982.
- ↑ 9.0 9.1 9.2 Genders, Roy. Scented Flora of the World. Robert Hale, 1994.
- ↑ Diggs, George and Barney Lipscomb. Illustrated Flora of North Central Texas. Botanical Research Institute, 1999.
- ↑ 11.0 11.1 11.2 Elias, Thomas. The Complete Trees of North America. Van Nostrand Reinhold, 1980.
- ↑ 12.0 12.1 12.2 Manandhar, Narayan. Plants and People of Nepal. Timber Press, 2002.
- ↑ 13.0 13.1 Chopra, R. Glossary of Indian Medicinal Plants. Council of Scientific and Industrial Research, New Delhi, 1986.
- ↑ 14.0 14.1 Sargent, Charles. Manual of the Trees of North America. Dover, 1965.