Pinus sylvestris
| Pinus sylvestris | |
| Light: |   |
| Moisture: |    |
| Hardiness: | 2 |
| Soil pH: | 5.6-8.4 |
| Evergreen Cross Pollinated | |
| Height: | 82' |
| Width: | 33' |
| Speed: | Fast |
| Blooms: | Late Spring |
| Open Woods Forest | |
| Native to: | |
| Shelter | |
| Edible Rating: |  |
| Medicinal Rating: |  |
| Tea: | Yes |
 | |
Pinus sylvestris (common name: scot's pine)
Propagation: It is best to sow the seed in individual pots in a cold frame as soon as it is ripe if this is possible otherwise in late winter. A short stratification of 6 weeks at 4°c can improve the germination of stored seed[1]. Plant seedlings out into their permanent positions as soon as possible and protect them for their first winter or two[2]. Plants have a very sparse root system and the sooner they are planted into their permanent positions the better they will grow[K]. Trees should be planted into their permanent positions when they are quite small, between 30 and 90cm[3]. We actually plant them out when they are about 5 - 10cm tall. So long as they are given a very good weed-excluding mulch they establish very well[K]. Larger trees will check badly and hardly put on any growth for several years. This also badly affects root development and wind resistance[3].
Cuttings. This method only works when taken from very young trees less than 10 years old. Use single leaf fascicles with the base of the short shoot. Disbudding the shoots some weeks before taking the cuttings can help. Cuttings are normally slow to grow away[4].
Cultivation: Thrives in a light well-drained sandy or gravelly loam[5][2]. Trees grow well on poor dry sandy soils[2][4]. Fairly shade tolerant[6]. Prefers a light acid soil, becoming chlorotic at a pH higher than 6.5[6]. Trees can succeed for many years on shallow soils over chalk[7]. Tolerates chalk for a while, but trees are then short-lived[4]. Tolerates some water-logging[6]. Dislikes poorly drained moorland soils[5]. Established plants tolerate drought[6]. Very wind resistant[8][9], tolerating maritime exposure[10]. Tolerates atmospheric pollution[11].
Fairly long-lived, to 200 years or more and quite fast growing[7], but trees are very slow growing in wet soils[4]. Young trees can make new growth of 1 metre a year though growth slows down rapidly by the time the tree is 18 metres tall[7]. This species is extensively used in cool temperate forestry as a timber tree[3].
Plants are strongly outbreeding, self-fertilized seed usually grows poorly[3]. They hybridize freely with other members of this genus[3]. Cones take two seasons to ripen[12].
Plants are easily killed by fire and cannot regenerate from the roots[6].
A good food plant for the caterpillars of several species of butterflies[13]. This tree has over 50 species of associated insects[4].
Leaf secretions inhibit the germination of seeds, thereby reducing the amount of plants that can grow under the trees[14].
There are several named forms selected for their ornamental value[15].
Plants in this genus are notably susceptible to honey fungus[3].
Range: Europe, including Britain, from Scandanavia south and east to Spain, Albania and temperate Asia.
Habitat: Forming woods in the mountains of Scotland[12][16].
Edibility: Inner bark - dried and ground into a powder and used in making bread[17][18][19][20]. It is often mixed with oatmeal[21]. A famine food, it is only used when all else fails[21].
A vanillin flavouring is obtained as a by-product of other resins that are released from the pulpwood[3].
Medicinal: Scot's pine has quite a wide range of medicinal uses, being valued especially for its antiseptic action and beneficial effect upon the respiratory system. It should not be used by people who are prone to allergic skin reactions whilst the essential oil should not be used internally unless under professional supervision[22].
The turpentine obtained from the resin is antirheumatic, antiseptic, balsamic, diuretic, expectorant, rubefacient and vermifuge[23][24][25]. It is a valuable remedy in the treatment of kidney, bladder and rheumatic affections, and also in diseases of the mucous membranes and the treatment of respiratory complaints[23]. Externally it is used in the form of liniment plasters and inhalers[23].
The leaves and young shoots are antiseptic, diuretic and expectorant[16]. They are harvested in the spring and dried for later use[16]. They are used internally for their mildly antiseptic effect within the chest and are also used to treat rheumatism and arthritis[22]. They can be added to the bath water for treating fatigue, nervous exhaustion, sleeplessness, skin irritations[16]. They can also be used as an inhalant in the treatment of various chest complaints[16].
The essential oil from the leaves is used in the treatment of asthma, bronchitis and other respiratory infections, and also for digestive disorders such as wind[22].
An essential oil obtained from the seed has diuretic and respiratory-stimulant properties[22]. The seeds are used in the treatment of bronchitis, tuberculosis and bladder infections[22]. A decoction of the seeds can be applied externally to help suppress excessive vaginal discharge[22].
The plant is used in Bach flower remedies - the keywords for prescribing it are 'Self-reproach', 'Guilt feelings' and 'Despondency'[26].
The essential oil is used in aromatherapy. Its keyword is 'Invigorating'[27].
Usage: A tan or green dye is obtained from the needles[28].
The needles contain a substance called terpene, this is released when rain washes over the needles and it has a negative effect on the germination of some plants, including wheat[29].
A reddish yellow dye is obtained from the cones[30].
This tree yields resin and turpentine[31][18][32][33]. Oleo-resins are present in the tissues of all species of pines, but these are often not present in sufficient quantity to make their extraction economically worthwhile[31]. The resins are obtained by tapping the trunk, or by destructive distillation of the wood[23][31]. In general, trees from warmer areas of distribution give the higher yields[31]. Turpentine consists of an average of 20% of the oleo-resin[31] and is separated by distillation[23][31]. Turpentine has a wide range of uses including as a solvent for waxes etc, for making varnish, medicinal etc[23]. Rosin is the substance left after turpentine is removed. This is used by violinists on their bows and also in making sealing wax, varnish etc[23]. Pitch can also be obtained from the resin and is used for waterproofing, as a wood preservative etc.
An essential oil obtained from the leaves is used in perfumery and medicinally[25][34].
A fibre from the inner bark is used to make ropes[21].
The roots are very resinous and burn well. They can be used as a candle substitute[21].
The leaves are used as a packing material[25]. The fibrous material is stripped out of the leaves and is used to fill pillows, cushions and as a packing material[12].
Trees are very wind resistant and quite fast growing. They can be planted as a shelterbelt, succeeding in maritime exposure[9][3].
Wood - light, soft, not strong, elastic, durable, rich in resin. Used in construction, furniture, paper manufacture etc.[24][25][32]. A good fuel but it is somewhat smokey[30][18][21].
Pollinators: Wind
Soil: Can grow in light and medium soils.
Drainage: Prefers well drained soil.
Wind: Tolerates maritime wind exposure
Pollution: Tolerates environmental pollution.
In Leaf: Evergreen
Seed Ripens: Early Spring-Early Summer
Flower Type: Monoecious
Known Hazards: The wood, sawdust and resins from various species of pine can cause dermatitis in sensitive people[35].
Also Known As: P. rubra. Mill.
Links
References
- ↑ McMillan-Browse, Philip. Hardy Woody Plants from Seed. Grower Books, 1985.
- ↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 Bean, William. Trees and Shrubs Hardy in Great Britain. Murray, 1981.
- ↑ 3.0 3.1 3.2 3.3 3.4 3.5 3.6 3.7 Huxley, Anthony. The New Royal Horticultural Society Dictionary of Gardening. MacMillan Press, 1992.
- ↑ 4.0 4.1 4.2 4.3 4.4 Rushforth, Keith. Conifers. Batsford, 1991.
- ↑ 5.0 5.1 Chittendon, Fred. RHS Dictionary of Plants. Oxford University Press, 1951.
- ↑ 6.0 6.1 6.2 6.3 6.4 Beckett, Kenneth and Gillian Beckett. Planting Native Trees and Shrubs. Jarrold, 1979.
- ↑ 7.0 7.1 7.2 Mitchell, Alan. Conifers in the British Isles. Stationery Office Books, 1975.
- ↑ Arnold-Forster, William. Shrubs for the Milder Counties.
- ↑ 9.0 9.1 Rosewarne Experimental Horticultural Station. Shelter Trees and Hedges. Ministry of Agriculture, Fisheries and Food, 1984.
- ↑ Taylor, Jane. The Milder Garden. Dent, 1990.
- ↑ Lauriault, Jean. Identification Guide to the Trees of Canada. Fitzhenry and Whiteside, 1989.
- ↑ 12.0 12.1 12.2 Chiej, Roberto. Encyclopaedia of Medicinal Plants. MacDonald, 1984.
- ↑ Carter, David. Butterflies and Moths in Britain and Europe. Pan, 1982.
- ↑ Philbrick, Helen and Richard Gregg. Companion Plants. Watkins, 1979.
- ↑ Brickell, Christopher. The RHS Gardener's Encyclopedia of Plants and Flowers. Dorling Kindersley Publishers, 1990.
- ↑ 16.0 16.1 16.2 16.3 16.4 Launert, Edmund. Edible and Medicinal Plants. Hamlyn, 1981.
- ↑ Hedrick, Ulysses. Sturtevant's Edible Plants of the World. Dover Publications, 1972.
- ↑ 18.0 18.1 18.2 Freethy, Ron. From Agar to Zenery. The Crowood Press, 1985.
- ↑ Tanaka, Tyōzaburō. Tanaka's Cyclopaedia of Edible Plants of the World. Keigaku Publishing, 1976.
- ↑ Kunkel, Günther. Plants for Human Consumption. Koeltz Scientific Books, 1984.
- ↑ 21.0 21.1 21.2 21.3 21.4 Sowerby, John. The Useful Plants of Great Britain. 1862.
- ↑ 22.0 22.1 22.2 22.3 22.4 22.5 Chevallier, Andrew. The Encyclopedia of Medicinal Plants. Dorling Kindersley, 1996.
- ↑ 23.0 23.1 23.2 23.3 23.4 23.5 23.6 Grieve, Margaret. A Modern Herbal. Penguin, 1984.
- ↑ 24.0 24.1 Triska, Jan. Encyclopaedia of Plants. Hamlyn, 1975.
- ↑ 25.0 25.1 25.2 25.3 Uphof, Johannes. Dictionary of Economic Plants. Weinheim, 1959.
- ↑ Chancellor, Philip. Illustrated Handbook of the Bach Flower Remedies. C W Daniel, 1985.
- ↑ Westwood, Christine. Aromatherapy - A Guide for Home Use. Amberwood Publishing, 1993.
- ↑ Grae, Ida. Nature's Colors. MacMillan Publishing, 1974.
- ↑ Allardice, Pamela. A-Z of Companion Planting. Cassell Publishers, 1993.
- ↑ 30.0 30.1 Mabey, Richard. Plants with a Purpose. Fontana, 1979.
- ↑ 31.0 31.1 31.2 31.3 31.4 31.5 Howes, Frank. Vegetable Gums and Resins. Chronica Botanica, 1949.
- ↑ 32.0 32.1 Polunin, Oleg. Flowers of Europe. Oxford University Press, 1969.
- ↑ Hill, Albert. Economic Botany. The Maple Press, 1952.
- ↑ Usher, George. A Dictionary of Plants Used by Man. Constable, 1974.
- ↑ Foster, Steven and Billy Tatum. Medicinal Plants of Eastern and Central North America. Houghton Mifflin, 1990.