Mandragora officinarum
| Mandragora officinarum | |
| Light: |   |
| Moisture: |   |
| Hardiness: | 7 |
| Soil pH: | 5.6-7.3 |
| Self Pollinated | |
| Height: | 0.3' |
| Width: | 1' |
| Blooms: | Early Spring-Mid Spring |
| Native to: | |
| Edible Rating: |  |
| Medicinal Rating: |  |
| Tea: | Yes |
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Mandragora officinarum (common name: mandrake)
Propagation: Seed - best sown in a cold frame in the autumn[1]. The seed can also be sown in spring in a cold frame. When they are large enough to handle, prick the seedlings out into individual pots and grow them on in the greenhouse for at least their first winter. Plant them out into their permanent positions in late spring or early summer, after the last expected frosts.
Root cuttings in winter[2].
Division. This can be rather difficult since the plants resent root disturbance.
Cultivation: Prefers a deep humus-rich light soil and a sheltered position in full sun[3]. It also tolerates some shade[2]. Prefers a circumneutral soil[2] and dislikes chalk or gravel[4]. Plants are liable to rot in wet or ill-draining soils[4].
Plants are hardy to about -15°c[5].
The roots are somewhat carrot-shaped and can be up to 1.2 metres long[4]. Plants are intolerant of root disturbance and should be put out into their permanent positions as soon as possible[1].
The root often divides into two and is vaguely suggestive of the human body. In the past it was frequently made into amulets which were believed to bring good fortune, cure sterility etc[6]. There is a superstition that if a person pulls up this root they will be condemned to hell[6]. Therefore in the past people have tied the roots to the bodies of animals and then used these animals in order to pull the roots out of the soil.
Range: South-eastern Europe.
Habitat: Open woodland, deserted fields and stony places[7][8].
Edibility: Fruit - raw or cooked. A delicacy[8]. The fruit is about the size of a small apple, with a strong apple-like scent[4]. Caution is advised in the use of this fruit, it is quite possibly poisonous[K].
Medicinal: Mandrake has a long history of medicinal use, though superstition has played a large part in the uses it has been applied to. It is rarely prescribed in modern herbalism[3], though it contains hyoscine which is the standard pre-operative medication given to soothe patients and reduce bronchial secretions[6]. It is also used to treat travel sickness[6].
The fresh or dried root contains highly poisonous alkaloids and is cathartic, strongly emetic, hallucinogenic and narcotic[4][7][9][10][6]. In sufficient quantities it induces a state of oblivion and was used as an anaesthetic for operations in early surgery[3]. It was much used in the past for its anodyne and soporific properties[4]. In the past, juice from the finely grated root was applied externally to relieve rheumatic pains, ulcers and scrofulous tumours[6]. It was also used internally to treat melancholy, convulsions and mania[6]. When taken internally in large doses, however, it is said to excite delirium and madness[4]. The root should be used with caution, and only under the supervision of a qualified practitioner[7][3]. See the notes above on toxicity.
The leaves are harmless and cooling. They have been used for ointments and other external applications to ulcers etc[4].
Pollinators: Insects
Soil: Can grow in light and medium soils.
Drainage: Prefers well drained soil.
In Leaf: Early Spring-Mid Summer
Seed Ripens: Mid Summer-Late Summer
Flower Type: Hermaphrodite
Known Hazards: All parts of the plant are poisonous[11][7]. Only slightly so according to one report[8].
Also Known As: M. acaulis. M. vernalis.
Links
References
- ↑ 1.0 1.1 Brickell, Christopher. The RHS Gardener's Encyclopedia of Plants and Flowers. Dorling Kindersley Publishers, 1990.
- ↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 Huxley, Anthony. The New Royal Horticultural Society Dictionary of Gardening. MacMillan Press, 1992.
- ↑ 3.0 3.1 3.2 3.3 Bown, Deni. Royal Horticultural Society Encyclopaedia of Herbs and Their Uses. Dorling Kindersley, 1995.
- ↑ 4.0 4.1 4.2 4.3 4.4 4.5 4.6 4.7 Grieve, Margaret. A Modern Herbal. Penguin, 1984.
- ↑ Phillips, Roger and Martyn Rix. Perennials - The Definitve Reference. Pan Books, 1991.
- ↑ 6.0 6.1 6.2 6.3 6.4 6.5 6.6 Phillips, Roger. Herbs. Pan Books, 1990.
- ↑ 7.0 7.1 7.2 7.3 Lust, John. The Herb Book. Bantam Books, 1983.
- ↑ 8.0 8.1 8.2 Polunin, Oleg. Flowers of the Mediterranean. Hogarth Press, 1987.
- ↑ Uphof, Johannes. Dictionary of Economic Plants. Weinheim, 1959.
- ↑ Emboden, William. Narcotic Plants. Studio Vista, 1979.
- ↑ Stary, Frantisek. Poisonous Plants. Hamlyn, 1983.