Lupinus mutabilis
| Lupinus mutabilis | |
| Light: |  |
| Moisture: |  |
| Hardiness: | 9 |
| Soil pH: | 5.6-7.3 |
| Height: | 5' |
| Width: | 1' |
| Blooms: | Early Summer-Late Summer |
| Native to: | |
| Nitrogen Fixer | |
| Edible Rating: |  |
| Tea: | Yes |
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Lupinus mutabilis (common name: pearl lupin)
Propagation: Pre-soak the seed for 24 hours in warm water and sow in mid spring in situ[1][2]. You may need to protect the seed from mice. Germination should take place within 2 weeks.
The seed can also be sown in situ as late as early summer as a green manure crop.
Cultivation: An easily grown plant, succeeding in any moderately good soil in a sunny position[2]. Requires an acid to neutral soil[2]. This species might be intolerant of lime[1]. Succeeds on poor soils, its taproot breaking up the sub-soil[3]. Once established, it is a very drought tolerant plant[3].
Mature plants tolerate frost[3]. This has not been our experience, although they tolerate light frosts, the plants are killed by heavy or prolonged frosts[K].
The pearl lupin is cultivated in Tropical and Sub-tropical zones for its edible seed, there are many named varieties. The seed of most forms contains bitter alkaloids that need to be leached out before the seed can be eaten, however there are some forms that have sweet alkaloid-free seeds[4]. This species has excellent potential as a food crop in temperate zones. It is day-length neutral, flowering and fruiting well at most latitudes[3]. The plants flower and ripen seed continuously until killed by cold weather, making mechanical harvesting difficult[3]. Plants take from 5 - 11 months to fully ripen their crop[3].
The genes for low-alkaloid types are recessive so they have to be grown separated from other forms if the strains are to be kept pure[3]. It is also probable that plants will hybridize with other species in this genus[3].
This species has a symbiotic relationship with certain soil bacteria, these bacteria form nodules on the roots and fix atmospheric nitrogen. Some of this nitrogen is utilized by the growing plant but some can also be used by other plants growing nearby[2]. When removing plant remains at the end of the growing season, it is best to only remove the aerial parts of the plant, leaving the roots in the ground to decay and release their nitrogen.
Range: S. America - Colombia.
Habitat: Found in the Andes[5].
Edibility: Seed - cooked[4]. Used as a protein-rich vegetable or savoury dish in any of the ways that cooked beans are used. The seed can also be ground into a meal and then used with cereal flours in making bread etc[3]. The seed contains up to 50% protein that is rich in lysine and cystine but very low in methionine[6][3]. If the seed is bitter this is due to the presence of toxic alkaloids, these alkaloids can usually be removed by soaking the seed overnight and discarding the water[2]. Another report suggests that the seed needs to be soaked for 2 - 3 days in order to leech out the alkaloids[6].
An edible oil is obtained from the seed[4][6]. It is relatively rich in unsaturated fatty acids, including the nutritionally essential linoleic acid[3].
Usage: Seed yields up to 18% of an edible oil with uses similar to Soya oil (Glycine soya)[4][5]. Soya oil has a very wide range of applications and is commonly used in the chemical industry[7][8]. It is also used in making soap, plastics, paints etc[9][10][11].
An excellent green manure crop, it is able to fix as much as 400kg of atmospheric nitrogen per hectare[3].
Pollinators: Bees
Soil: Can grow in light, medium, and heavy soils.
Wind: Tolerates strong winds
In Leaf: Late Spring-Mid Fall
Seed Ripens: Late Summer-Early Fall
Flower Type: Hermaphrodite
Known Hazards: The seed of many lupin species contain bitter-tasting toxic alkaloids, though there are often sweet varieties within that species that are completely wholesome[12][13]. Taste is a very clear indicator. These toxic alkaloids can be leeched out of the seed
Links
References
- ↑ 1.0 1.1 Chittendon, Fred. RHS Dictionary of Plants. Oxford University Press, 1951.
- ↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4 Huxley, Anthony. The New Royal Horticultural Society Dictionary of Gardening. MacMillan Press, 1992.
- ↑ 3.00 3.01 3.02 3.03 3.04 3.05 3.06 3.07 3.08 3.09 3.10 3.11 Popenoe, Hugh. Lost Crops of the Incas. National Academy Press, 1990.
- ↑ 4.0 4.1 4.2 4.3 Carruthers, S. Alternative Enterprises for Agriculture in the UK. Centre for Agricultural Strategy, Univ. of Reading, 1986.
- ↑ 5.0 5.1 Kunkel, Günther. Plants for Human Consumption. Koeltz Scientific Books, 1984.
- ↑ 6.0 6.1 6.2 Facciola, Stephen. Cornucopia - A Source Book of Edible Plants. Kampong Publications, 1990.
- ↑ Hill, Albert. Economic Botany. The Maple Press, 1952.
- ↑ Larkcom, Joy. Oriental Vegetables. John Murray, 1991.
- ↑ Nicholson, Barbara and Stephen Harrison. The Oxford Book of Food Plants. Oxford University Press, 1975.
- ↑ Uphof, Johannes. Dictionary of Economic Plants. Weinheim, 1959.
- ↑ Polunin, Oleg. Flowers of Europe. Oxford University Press, 1969.
- ↑ Frohne, Dietrich and Hans Pfänder. J. A Colour Atlas of Poisonous Plants. Timber Press, 1984.
- ↑ Cooper, Marion. Poisonous Plants in Britain and their Effects on Animals and Man. The Stationery Office, 1984.