Hypericum perforatum
| Hypericum perforatum | |
| Light: |   |
| Moisture: |  |
| Hardiness: | 3 |
| Soil pH: | 5.6-8.4 |
| Self Pollinated | |
| Height: | 3' |
| Width: | 2' |
| Blooms: | Late Spring-Late Summer |
| Meadows Open Woods Forest | |
| Native to: | |
| Edible Rating: |  |
| Medicinal Rating: |  |
| Tea: | Yes |
 | |
Hypericum perforatum (common name: st. john's wort)
Propagation: Seed - sow in a greenhouse as soon as it is ripe in the autumn or in the spring. It normally germinates in 1 - 3 months at 10°c. Prick out the seedlings into individual pots when they are large enough to handle and plant them out into their permanent positions in the summer.
Division in spring or autumn[1][2]. Very easy, larger clumps can be replanted direct into their permanent positions, though it is best to pot up smaller clumps and grow them on in a cold frame until they are rooting well. Plant them out in the spring.
Cultivation: Easily grown in any reasonably good well-drained but moisture retentive soil[3]. Succeeds in dry soils[2]. Plants grow well in sun or semi-shade but they flower better when in a sunny position[4].
St. John's wort is often found as a weed in the garden[3]. It grows well in the summer meadow and is a useful plant for attracting insects[5].
The whole plant, especially when in bloom, gives off a most unpleasant smell when handled[6].
Hypericum perforatum is apparently an allotetraploid that would appear to have arisen from a cross between two diploid taxa, viz. H. maculatum subsp. maculatum (Europe to western Siberia) and H. attenuatum (western Siberia to China)[7].
Range: Europe, including Britain, south and east to N. Africa, the Azores, Madeira and W. Asia.
Habitat: Open woods, hedgebanks and grassland, in dry sunny places, usually on calcareous soils[8][9].
Edibility: The herb and the fruit are sometimes used as a tea substitute[8][10].
The flowers can be used in making mead[10].
Medicinal: St. John's wort has a long history of herbal use. It fell out of favour in the nineteenth century but recent research has brought it back to prominence as an extremely valuable remedy for nervous problems[11]. In clinical trials about 67% of patients with mild to moderate depression improved when taking this plant[11].
The flowers and leaves are analgesic, antiseptic, antispasmodic, aromatic, astringent, cholagogue, digestive, diuretic, expectorant, nervine, resolvent, sedative, stimulant, vermifuge and vulnerary[12][13][14][15][16][17][18]. The herb is used in treating a wide range of disorders, including pulmonary complaints, bladder problems, diarrhoea and nervous depression[12]. It is also very effectual in treating overnight incontinence of urine in children[12]. Externally, it is used in poultices to dispel herd tumours, caked breasts, bruising etc[12]. The flowering shoots are harvested in early summer and dried for later use[8]. Use the plant with caution and do not prescribe it for patients with chronic depression[2]. The plant was used to procure an abortion by some native North Americans, so it is best not used by pregnant women[19]. See also the notes above on toxicity[15][18].
A tea or tincture of the fresh flowers is a popular treatment for external ulcers, burns, wounds (especially those with severed nerve tissue), sores, bruises, cramps etc[18][2]. An infusion of the flowers in olive oil is applied externally to wounds, sores, ulcers, swellings, rheumatism etc[20]. It is also valued in the treatment of sunburn and as a cosmetic preparation to the skin[20].
The plant contains many biologically active compounds including rutin, pectin, choline, sitosterol, hypericin and pseudohypericin[18]. These last two compounds have been shown to have potent anti-retroviral activity without serious side effects and they are being researched in the treatment of AIDS[18][2].
A homeopathic remedy is made from the fresh whole flowering plant[21]. It is used in the treatment of injuries, bites, stings etc and is said to be the first remedy to consider when nerve-rich areas such as the spine, eyes, fingers etc are injured[21].
Usage: Yellow, gold and brown dyes are obtained from the flowers and leaves[22]. A red is obtained from the flowers after acidification[23].
A red dye is obtained from the whole plant when infused in oil or alcohol[8][24][25]. A yellow is obtained when it is infused in water[8][26][25].
The plant is said to contain good quantities of tannin, though exact figures are not available[27].
Pollinators: Bees, flies, self
Soil: Can grow in light, medium, and heavy soils.
Drainage: Prefers well drained soil.
Seed Ripens: Mid Summer-Early Fall
Flower Type: Hermaphrodite
Known Hazards: Skin contact with the sap, or ingestion of the plant, can cause photosensitivity in some people[14][28][18].
Also Known As: H. vulgare.
Links
References
- ↑ Sanders, Thomas. Popular Hardy Perennials. Collingridge, 1926.
- ↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4 Bown, Deni. Royal Horticultural Society Encyclopaedia of Herbs and Their Uses. Dorling Kindersley, 1995.
- ↑ 3.0 3.1 Chittendon, Fred. RHS Dictionary of Plants. Oxford University Press, 1951.
- ↑ Huxley, Anthony. The New Royal Horticultural Society Dictionary of Gardening. MacMillan Press, 1992.
- ↑ Baines, Chris. Making a Wildlife Garden.
- ↑ Genders, Roy. Scented Flora of the World. Robert Hale, 1994.
- ↑ Flora of China. 1994.
- ↑ 8.0 8.1 8.2 8.3 8.4 Chiej, Roberto. Encyclopaedia of Medicinal Plants. MacDonald, 1984.
- ↑ Clapham, Arthur and Tom Tootin, Edmund Warburg. Flora of the British Isles. Cambridge University Press, 1962.
- ↑ 10.0 10.1 Facciola, Stephen. Cornucopia - A Source Book of Edible Plants. Kampong Publications, 1990.
- ↑ 11.0 11.1 Chevallier, Andrew. The Encyclopedia of Medicinal Plants. Dorling Kindersley, 1996.
- ↑ 12.0 12.1 12.2 12.3 Grieve, Margaret. A Modern Herbal. Penguin, 1984.
- ↑ Launert, Edmund. Edible and Medicinal Plants. Hamlyn, 1981.
- ↑ 14.0 14.1 Triska, Jan. Encyclopaedia of Plants. Hamlyn, 1975.
- ↑ 15.0 15.1 Lust, John. The Herb Book. Bantam Books, 1983.
- ↑ Mills, Simon. The Dictionary of Modern Herbalism.
- ↑ Duke, James and Edward Ayensu. Medicinal Plants of China. Reference Publications, 1985.
- ↑ 18.0 18.1 18.2 18.3 18.4 18.5 Foster, Steven and Billy Tatum. Medicinal Plants of Eastern and Central North America. Houghton Mifflin, 1990.
- ↑ Moerman, Daniel. Native American Ethnobotany. Timber Press, 1998.
- ↑ 20.0 20.1 Chopra, R. Glossary of Indian Medicinal Plants. Council of Scientific and Industrial Research, New Delhi, 1986.
- ↑ 21.0 21.1 Castro, Miranda. The Complete Homeopathy Handbook. Macmillan, 1990.
- ↑ Grae, Ida. Nature's Colors. MacMillan Publishing, 1974.
- ↑ Carruthers, S. Alternative Enterprises for Agriculture in the UK. Centre for Agricultural Strategy, Univ. of Reading, 1986.
- ↑ Usher, George. A Dictionary of Plants Used by Man. Constable, 1974.
- ↑ 25.0 25.1 Sowerby, John. The Useful Plants of Great Britain. 1862.
- ↑ Komarov, Vladimir. Flora of the USSR. Gantner Verlag, 1968.
- ↑ Rottsieper, E. Vegetable Tannins. The Forestal Land, 1946.
- ↑ Cooper, Marion. Poisonous Plants in Britain and their Effects on Animals and Man. The Stationery Office, 1984.