Hordeum vulgare
| Hordeum vulgare | |
| Light: |  |
| Moisture: |  |
| Hardiness: | 4 |
| Soil pH: | 5.6-8.4 |
| Height: | 3' |
| Width: | 1' |
| Blooms: | Early Summer-Late Summer |
| Edible Rating: |  |
| Medicinal Rating: |  |
| Tea: | Yes |
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Hordeum vulgare (common name: barley)
Propagation: Seed - sow in situ in March or October and only just cover the seed. Make sure the soil surface does not dry out if the weather is dry. Germination takes place within 2 weeks.
Cultivation: Succeeds in most soils and in climates ranging from sub-arctic to sub-tropical[1][2]. Easily grown in light soils[3]. Prefers a calcareous soil[4]. Best grown in a sunny position[5].
Barley first came under cultivation about 12,000 years ago[5]. It is widely cultivated in Temperate areas of the world for its edible seed, there are many named varieties[6][7]. It succeeds further north than most other cereal crops (it succeeds in Norway at latitude 70° N[8]), and at higher altitudes (it is a staple crop in Tibet)[6][5]. The Coeleste group contains the hull-less barleys. Although lower yielding than the type, these hull-less seeds are much easier to harvest making them a much easier crop to grow on a small scale[7].
Range: Of uncertain origin.
Habitat: Not known in the wild, it is found in Britain as a relict of cultivation but does not persist[9].
Edibility: Seed - cooked as a whole grain or ground up and used as a flour for making bread, porridges etc[10][4][11][7]. It has a low gluten content and so is unsuitable for making wheat-type breads[5][K]. The seed can be fermented into sourdough and many other fermented foods such as 'tempeh' and 'miso'[7]. The seed can also be sprouted and added to salads or the sprouted seed juiced and the juice drunk as a health-food drink[7].
The decorticated seed is called pearl barley. This is no longer viable since the decortication process damages the embryo. It is used in soups, stews etc[5].
Malt is obtained by sprouting the whole seed and then roasting it. The seed is then ground into a flour and boiled in water. The resulting liquid is very sweet and can be used in making beer or other drinks, and as a nutritious sweetener in various foods.[4][11].
The roasted (unsprouted) seed is used as a coffee[11][7] and a salt substitute.
Medicinal: The shoots are diuretic[12].
The seed sprouts are demulcent, expectorant, galactofuge, lenitive and stomachic[13][12]. They are sometimes abortifacient[12]. They are used in the treatment of dyspepsia caused by cereals, infantile lacto-dyspepsia, regurgitation of milk and breast distension[13]. They are best not given to a nursing mother since this can reduce milk flow[13].
The seed is digestive, emollient, nutritive, febrifuge and stomachic[12]. It is taken internally as a nutritious food or as barley water (an infusion of the germinated seed in water) and is of special use for babies and invalids[5]. Its use is said to reduce excessive lactation[5]. Barley is also used as a poultice for burns and wounds[14][11][13][12].
The plant has a folk history of antitumour activity[12].
The germinating seed has a hypoglycaemic effect preceded by a hyperglycaemic action[12].
Modern research has shown that barley may be of aid in the treatment of hepatitis, whilst other trials have shown that it may help to control diabetes[15]. Barley bran may have the effect of lowering blood cholesterol levels and preventing bowel cancer[15].
Usage: The stems, after the seed has been harvested, have many uses. They are a source of fibres for making paper, a biomass for fuel etc, they can be shredded and used as a mulch[16][2].
Pollinators: Wind
Soil: Can grow in light, medium, and heavy soils.
Drainage: Prefers well drained soil.
Wind: Tolerates strong winds
Flower Type: Hermaphrodite
Also Known As: H. sativum.
Links
References
- ↑ Chittendon, Fred. RHS Dictionary of Plants. Oxford University Press, 1951.
- ↑ 2.0 2.1 Hill, Albert. Economic Botany. The Maple Press, 1952.
- ↑ Grounds, Roger. Ornamental Grasses. Christopher Helm, 1989.
- ↑ 4.0 4.1 4.2 Chiej, Roberto. Encyclopaedia of Medicinal Plants. MacDonald, 1984.
- ↑ 5.0 5.1 5.2 5.3 5.4 5.5 5.6 Bown, Deni. Royal Horticultural Society Encyclopaedia of Herbs and Their Uses. Dorling Kindersley, 1995.
- ↑ 6.0 6.1 Schery. Robert. Plants for Man. Prentice Hall, 1972.
- ↑ 7.0 7.1 7.2 7.3 7.4 7.5 Facciola, Stephen. Cornucopia - A Source Book of Edible Plants. Kampong Publications, 1990.
- ↑ Brouk, Bohuslav. Plants Consumed by Man. Academic Press, 1975.
- ↑ Clapham, Arthur and Tom Tootin, Edmund Warburg. Flora of the British Isles. Cambridge University Press, 1962.
- ↑ Hedrick, Ulysses. Sturtevant's Edible Plants of the World. Dover Publications, 1972.
- ↑ 11.0 11.1 11.2 11.3 Uphof, Johannes. Dictionary of Economic Plants. Weinheim, 1959.
- ↑ 12.0 12.1 12.2 12.3 12.4 12.5 12.6 Duke, James and Edward Ayensu. Medicinal Plants of China. Reference Publications, 1985.
- ↑ 13.0 13.1 13.2 13.3 Yeung, Him-Che. Handbook of Chinese Herbs and Formulas. Institute of Chinese Medicine, 1985.
- ↑ Grieve, Margaret. A Modern Herbal. Penguin, 1984.
- ↑ 15.0 15.1 Chevallier, Andrew. The Encyclopedia of Medicinal Plants. Dorling Kindersley, 1996.
- ↑ Carruthers, S. Alternative Enterprises for Agriculture in the UK. Centre for Agricultural Strategy, Univ. of Reading, 1986.