Gentiana andrewsii
| Gentiana andrewsii | |
 | |
| Light: |   |
| Moisture: |  |
| Hardiness: | 6 |
| Soil pH: | 5.6-8.4 |
| Height: | 2' |
| Width: | 1' |
| Blooms: | Mid Summer-Late Summer |
| Open Woods Forest | |
| Native to: | |
| Nectary | |
| Medicinal Rating: | |
| Tea: | Yes |
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Gentiana andrewsii (common names: closed bottle gentian and bottle gentian)
In a purpetual state of bud, this slow growing flower make bumbleees and other strong insects work for their nectar by requiring them to force their way inside blue bottle shapped petals that never open. Possibily due to its inacessibility along with erratic seed germination and high seed mortality, this flower is listed as threatened in New York and Maryland. Once established, however, this unique flower is long lived, requires little care, and will grow into large groupings if provided with moist, temperate, and partially shady conditions. Large groupings, or planted alongside prairie blazing star and New England aster where native, help keep individual plants upright despite the weight from the buds. The species name honors Henry Charles Andrews, an accomplished botanical artist, and cataloged by Constantine Samuel Rafinesque, a biologist twice rejected by Thomas Jefferson for the Lewis & Clark Expedition to save costs by having Meriwether Lewis trained to act as a botanist.
Propagation: Seed - best sown in early January in a light position in a cold frame[1]. It can also be sown in late winter or early spring but the seed germinates best if given a period of cold stratification and quickly loses viability when stored, with older seed germinating slowly and erratically[2][1]. It is advantageous to keep the seed at about 10°c for a few days after sowing, to enable the seed to imbibe moisture[1]. Following this with a period of at least 5 - 6 weeks with temperatures falling to between 0 and -5°c will usually produce reasonable germination[1]. It is best to use clay pots, since plastic ones do not drain so freely and the moister conditions encourage the growth of moss, which will prevent germination of the seed[1]. The seed should be surface-sown, or only covered with a very light dressing of compost. The seed requires dark for germination, so the pots should be covered with something like newspaper or be kept in the dark[1]. Pot up the seedlings into individual pots as soon as they are large enough to handle and grow on in light shade in the greenhouse for at least their first winter. The seedlings grow on very slowly, taking 2 - 7 years to reach flowering size[1]. When the plants are of sufficient size, place them out into their permanent positions in late spring or early summer.
Division in March[3]. Most members of this genus have either a single tap-root, or a compact root system united in a single root head, and are thus unsuitable for division[1].
Cuttings of basal shoots in late spring[4].
Cultivation: In general, gentians require a moist well-drained soil in a sheltered position, a certain minimum of atmospheric humidity, high light intensity but a site where temperatures are not too high[1]. They are therefore more difficult to grow in areas with hot summers and in such a region they appreciate some protection from the strongest sunlight[2][1]. Most species will grow well in the rock garden[2]. This species is fairly easy to grow, succeeding in most humus-rich soils[1]. It tolerates more shade (but not full shade) than most members of the genus, growing well in a woodland garden[2][1].
Plants are intolerant of root disturbance[2].
A moisture loving plant, preferring to grow with full exposure to the sun but with plenty of underground moisture in the summer, it grows better in the north and west of Britain[5].
Range: Eastern N. America - Quebec to Manitoba, Georgia and Nebraska.
Habitat: Meadows, damp prairies and low thickets[6].
Medicinal: The root is said to be an antidote to snakebites[7][8].
An infusion of the roots has been used as a wash and also taken internally in the treatment of pain and headaches[9]. An infusion of the roots has been used as drops for sore eyes[9].
This N. American species has medicinal properties practically identical with the European gentians[10]. The following notes are based on the general uses of G. lutea which is the most commonly used species in the West[K].
Gentian root has a long history of use as a herbal bitter in the treatment of digestive disorders and is an ingredient of many proprietary medicines. It contains some of the most bitter compounds known and is used as a scientific basis for measuring bitterness[4]. It is especially useful in states of exhaustion from chronic disease and in all cases of debility, weakness of the digestive system and lack of appetite[10]. It is one of the best strengtheners of the human system, stimulating the liver, gall bladder and digestive system[4], and is an excellent tonic to combine with a purgative in order to prevent its debilitating effects[10]. The root is anthelmintic, anti-inflammatory, antiseptic, bitter tonic, cholagogue, emmenagogue, febrifuge, refrigerant, stomachic[10][11][12][13][14][15][4]. It is taken internally in the treatment of liver complaints, indigestion, gastric infections and anorexia[4]. It should not be prescribed for patients with gastric or duodenal ulcers[4]. The root is harvested in the autumn and dried for later use[10]. It is quite likely that the roots of plants that have not flowered are the richest in medicinal properties[10].
Pollinators: Bumblebees, butterflies
Soil: Can grow in light, medium, and heavy soils.
Drainage: Prefers well drained soil.
Flower Type: Hermaphrodite
Links
References
- ↑ 1.00 1.01 1.02 1.03 1.04 1.05 1.06 1.07 1.08 1.09 1.10 1.11 Kohlein, Fritz. Gentians. Christopher Helm, 1991.
- ↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4 Huxley, Anthony. The New Royal Horticultural Society Dictionary of Gardening. MacMillan Press, 1992.
- ↑ Sanders, Thomas. Popular Hardy Perennials. Collingridge, 1926.
- ↑ 4.0 4.1 4.2 4.3 4.4 4.5 Bown, Deni. Royal Horticultural Society Encyclopaedia of Herbs and Their Uses. Dorling Kindersley, 1995.
- ↑ Chittendon, Fred. RHS Dictionary of Plants. Oxford University Press, 1951.
- ↑ Lyndon, Merritt. Gray's Manual of Botany. American Book Co, 1950.
- ↑ Usher, George. A Dictionary of Plants Used by Man. Constable, 1974.
- ↑ Chevallier, Andrew. The Encyclopedia of Medicinal Plants. Dorling Kindersley, 1996.
- ↑ 9.0 9.1 Moerman, Daniel. Native American Ethnobotany. Timber Press, 1998.
- ↑ 10.0 10.1 10.2 10.3 10.4 10.5 Grieve, Margaret. A Modern Herbal. Penguin, 1984.
- ↑ Chiej, Roberto. Encyclopaedia of Medicinal Plants. MacDonald, 1984.
- ↑ Launert, Edmund. Edible and Medicinal Plants. Hamlyn, 1981.
- ↑ Hylton, Josie and William Holtom. Complete Guide to Herbs. Rodale Press, 1979.
- ↑ Lust, John. The Herb Book. Bantam Books, 1983.
- ↑ Mills, Simon. The Dictionary of Modern Herbalism.