Fremontodendron californicum
| Fremontodendron californicum | |
| Light: |   |
| Moisture: |   |
| Hardiness: | 8 |
| Soil pH: | 5.6-8.4 |
| Evergreen | |
| Height: | 20' |
| Width: | 13' |
| Speed: | Moderate |
| Blooms: | Late Spring-Mid Summer |
| Native to: | |
| Medicinal Rating: | |
| Tea: | Yes |
 | |
Fremontodendron californicum (common name: flannel flower)
Propagation: Seed - pre-soak for 48 hours in warm water and then sow singly in pots in a cold frame in late winter. Variable germination[1]. Grow the young plants on in the greenhouse for at least their first winter. Plant them out into their permanent positions in late spring or early summer, after the last expected frosts.
Cuttings of half-ripe wood, July/August in sandy soil in a frame[2].
Cuttings of greenwood in spring in a frame[2].
Cultivation: Requires a light well-drained poorish soil[3] in full sun in a position sheltered from cold drying winds[2]. Tolerates light shade[4]. Prefers a hot dry situation according to one report[5] whilst another says that it does best against a north, west or east wall, a southern exposure usually being too hot and dry[6]. Tolerates very chalky soils[2][4]. Plants produce lush growth when growing in rich soils at the expense of flowering[2].
This species is not hardy in the open at Kew, though it succeeds in the open in milder areas of the country[3][6]. Plants tolerate temperatures down to about -15°c, especially once they are more than 1.5 metres tall[4].
Plants are relatively fast growing[4].
Resents root disturbance and should be planted into its final position when quite young[7][3]. Plants do not seem to be long lived in cultivation[6], about 20 years being considered old age[8]. They are subject to sudden collapse and death, even if they have been growing and flowering well[3]. This is probably the result of excessive wet or of the plant failing to fully ripen its wood. The stems die back if the bark is cracked by frost or abrasion[7].
Plants can be pruned in mid to late summer, this will generate new growth and more flowers[4].
This species is notably resistant to honey fungus[2].
Range: South-western N. America - California and Arizona.
Habitat: Dry, mostly granitic slopes, 900 - 1800 metres in California[9]. It thrives on poor dry rocky soils of the foothills, where it often forms dense thickets[10].
Medicinal: The inner bark is used as a poultice[11][12].
One report says that the bark has similar properties to Ulmus rubra (Slippery Elm Bark)[11]. These properties are as follows:-
Slippery elm bark is a widely used herbal remedy and is considered to be one of the most valuable of remedies in herbal practice[11]. In particular, it is a gentle and effective remedy for irritated states of the mucous membranes of the chest, urinary tubules, stomach and intestines[13]. The inner bark contains large quantities of a sticky slime that can be dried to a powder or made into a liquid[10]. The inner bark is harvested in the spring from the main trunk and from larger branches, it is then dried and powdered for use as required[11]. Ten year old bark is said to be best[11]. Fine grades of the powder are best for internal use, coarse grades are better suited to poultices[14]. The plant is also part of a North American formula called essiac which is a popular treatment for cancer. Its effectiveness has never been reliably proven or disproven since controlled studies have not been carried out. The other herbs included in the formula are Arctium lappa, Rumex acetosella and Rheum palmatum[13].
The inner bark is demulcent, diuretic, emollient, expectorant, nutritive[11][15][16][17]. It has a soothing and healing effect on all parts of the body that it comes into contact with[11] and is used in the treatment of sore throats, indigestion, digestive irritation, stomach ulcers etc[18]. It used to be frequently used as a food that was a nutritive tonic for the old, young and convalescents[18]. It was also applied externally to fresh wounds, burns and scalds[18].
The bark has been used as an antioxidant to prevent fats going rancid[18].
The whole bark, including the outer bark, has been used as a mechanical irritant to abort foetuses[14]. Its use became so widespread that it is now banned in several countries[14].
Usage: The bark can be made into cordage then used in making nets etc[19].
Wood - fine-grained, hard to soft, heavy[20][10]. It is not used commercially due to the small size of the tree[10].
Soil: Can grow in light and medium soils.
Drainage: Prefers well drained soil.
In Leaf: Evergreen
Flower Type: Hermaphrodite
Known Hazards: The stem is clothed with brown hairs which rub off easily and can be a severe irritant[5]. When pruning it is best to wear a mask[5]. The eyes can be badly affected[4].
Also Known As: Chiranthodendron californicum. Fremontia californica.
Links
References
- ↑ Sheat, Wilfrid. Propagation of Trees, Shrubs and Conifers. St Martin, 1948.
- ↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4 2.5 Huxley, Anthony. The New Royal Horticultural Society Dictionary of Gardening. MacMillan Press, 1992.
- ↑ 3.0 3.1 3.2 3.3 Bean, William. Trees and Shrubs Hardy in Great Britain. Murray, 1981.
- ↑ 4.0 4.1 4.2 4.3 4.4 4.5 Davis, Brian. Climbers and Wall Shrubs. Viking, 1990.
- ↑ 5.0 5.1 5.2 Taylor, Jane. The Milder Garden. Dent, 1990.
- ↑ 6.0 6.1 6.2 Thomas, Graham. Ornamental Shrubs, Climbers and Bamboos. Murray, 1992.
- ↑ 7.0 7.1 Chittendon, Fred. RHS Dictionary of Plants. Oxford University Press, 1951.
- ↑ Grey-Wilson, Christopher and Victoria Matthews. Gardening on Walls. Collins, 1983.
- ↑ Munz, David. A California Flora. University of California Press, 1959.
- ↑ 10.0 10.1 10.2 10.3 Elias, Thomas. The Complete Trees of North America. Van Nostrand Reinhold, 1980.
- ↑ 11.0 11.1 11.2 11.3 11.4 11.5 11.6 Grieve, Margaret. A Modern Herbal. Penguin, 1984.
- ↑ Usher, George. A Dictionary of Plants Used by Man. Constable, 1974.
- ↑ 13.0 13.1 Chevallier, Andrew. The Encyclopedia of Medicinal Plants. Dorling Kindersley, 1996.
- ↑ 14.0 14.1 14.2 Bown, Deni. Royal Horticultural Society Encyclopaedia of Herbs and Their Uses. Dorling Kindersley, 1995.
- ↑ Lust, John. The Herb Book. Bantam Books, 1983.
- ↑ Mills, Simon. The Dictionary of Modern Herbalism.
- ↑ Weiner, Michael. Earth Medicine, Earth Food. Ballantine Books, 1980.
- ↑ 18.0 18.1 18.2 18.3 Foster, Steven and Billy Tatum. Medicinal Plants of Eastern and Central North America. Houghton Mifflin, 1990.
- ↑ Moerman, Daniel. Native American Ethnobotany. Timber Press, 1998.
- ↑ Sargent, Charles. Manual of the Trees of North America. Dover, 1965.