Daucus carota sativus
| Daucus carota | |
| Light: |  |
| Moisture: |  |
| Hardiness: | 5 |
| Soil pH: | 5.6-8.4 |
| Self Pollinated | |
| Life Cycle: | Biennial |
| Height: | 4' |
| Width: | 1' |
| Blooms: | Early Summer-Late Summer |
| Edible Rating: |  |
| Medicinal Rating: |  |
| Tea: | Yes |
 | |
Daucus carota sativus (common name: carrot)
Propagation: Seed - sow in situ in succession from early spring to early summer. Do not transplant the seedlings, since this will usually cause damage to the roots and a good crop will not be obtained. Carrot seed needs a well-made seed bed with a fine tilth if good germination is to be achieved. The earliest sowings can be made of an early maturing variety in a cold frame or greenhouse in January or February, this will provide edible roots in late spring. The first outdoor sowings are made as the soil warms up in the spring. Successional sowings can be made until early summer if required. A September sowing in mild areas can provide an early spring supply of young roots, though the plants will often require some protection.
Cultivation: Prefers a good light warm well-drained soil and plenty of moisture[1][2][3][4]. Prefers a sandy or calcareous loam[5]. Plants are extremely sensitive to soil conditions, good roots can only be produced in a soil that permits easy penetration of the root[4]. Carrots are reported to tolerate an annual precipitation in the range of 31 to 410cm, an annual temperature range of 3.6 to 28.5°C and a pH of 4.2 to 8.7[6]. They prefer a pH in the range 6.5 to 7.5[4].
Carrots are widely cultivated in most areas of the world for their edible root, which can be available all year round from successional sowings[7]. There are many named varieties, with roots varying in size and shape from short and round to long and tapering[8][4]. World-wide, the yields of roots averages about 24 tonnes per hectare, the world low production yield was 3,125 kg/ha in Zaire, whilst the world high production yield was 62,889 kg/ha in Belgium-Luxembourg[6].
Plants grow best at a mean temperature of 16 - 18°c. At temperatures above 28°c top growth is reduced and the roots become very strongly flavoured. At temperatures below 16°c the roots become long and tapered and are pale in colour[4]. The leaves are moderately susceptible to frost but the roots are much hardier and can safely be left in the ground in the winter in most areas[4], so long as pests such as slugs or root fly are not a problem[K]. If dug up for storage, the roots can be kept for up to six months at 0 - 1°c and high relative humidity[4].
Carrots are very susceptible to a number of pests and diseases. The young seedlings are adored by slugs and so will generally need some protection. Carrot root fly is also a major problem. This creature lays its eggs near the young carrots. When they hatch, the larvae burrow into the soil and then eat their way into the root. In bad seasons almost all the crop can be heavily damaged. It is possible to reduce this damage by timing seed sowing to try and avoid the worst times of infestation, a June sowing of a fast-maturing cultivar will often be successful. There are also various companion plants that can help to reduce infestation. In general, these are strong-smelling plants such as garlic, onions and various aromatic plants such as wormwood. The idea is that these plants will mask the smell of the carrots and therefore the fly, which mainly uses scent to find the plants, will not be able to detect the smell of the carrots This method is most likely to fail when the fly comes close enough to the plants to see them and then no longer relies on scent. The most successful organic solution to date has been to erect barriers of clear polythene about 1 metre tall all around the bed of carrots. Since the fly generally flies below this height, it has proved to be quite effective, although any fly that does get in will then tend to stay inside the barrier and lay all of its eggs there.
About 95% of carrot flowers are pollinated by insects, with the remaining 5% self-pollinating[6].
Carrots grow well with lettuce and chives[9] but dislike dill[10]. They also grow badly with potatoes, kohl rabi, fennel and cabbages[11].
Range: A cultivated form of D. carota.
Habitat: Not known in the wild.
Edibility: Root - raw or cooked[12][13][2]. The roots of well-grown plants are crisp, sweet and juicy, they are very nice raw and are also cooked as a vegetable or added to soups, stews etc[K]. The grated root is a tasty addition to the salad bowl[K]. The juice can be extracted from the root and used as a health-promoting drink[7]. The root is very rich in carotene, which is transformed by the body into vitamin A when it is eaten[13]. The root is sometimes ground into a powder and used in making cakes, bread etc[13][K].
The roasted root is a coffee substitute[14][7].
Carotin, extracted from the roots, is used as an orange-yellow food dye[15].
Leaves - raw or cooked. A very strong flavour, they can be added in small quantities to mixed salads[K]. The leaves contain an oil that is rich in vitamin E, they are sometimes used as a flavouring in soups[13].
An essential oil from the seed is used as a food flavouring.
Medicinal: Cultivated carrot roots are a rich source of beta-carotene, which is converted to vitamin A by the liver[16]. When used as a regular item in the diet the roots improve eyesight and skin health, and also have anti-cancer effects[17]. A wonderful cleansing medicine, it supports the liver and stimulates urine flow and the removal of waste by the kidneys[16].
The root is diuretic and ophthalmic[13]. The juice of organic carrots is a delicious drink and a valuable detoxifier[16]. The raw root, grated or mashed, is a safe treatment for threadworms, especially in children[16].
The seed is carminative, galactogogue, lithontripic and stimulant[13][18]. They are useful in the treatment of kidney diseases, dropsy and to settle the digestive system[18][16]. They stimulate menstruation and have been used in folk medicine as a treatment for hangovers[16].
Usage: The roots are fermented in order to produce alcohol[13].
An orange dye is obtained from the root[15].
An essential oil from the seed has a distinctive fragrance and is used in perfumery[13][7].
Pollinators: Flies, beetles
Habit: Biennial
Soil: Can grow in light, medium, and heavy soils.
Drainage: Prefers well drained soil.
Wind: Tolerates strong winds
Seed Ripens: Late Summer-Early Fall
Flower Type: Hermaphrodite
Known Hazards: Carrots sometimes cause allergic reactions in some people[7]. Skin contact with the sap is said to cause photo-sensitivity and/or dermatitis in some people[19].
Links
References
- ↑ Simons, Arthur. New Vegetable Growers Handbook. Penguin, 1977.
- ↑ 2.0 2.1 Vilmorin-Andrieux. The Vegetable Garden. Ten Speed Press.
- ↑ Thompson, Robert. The Gardener's Assistant. Blackie and Son, 1878.
- ↑ 4.0 4.1 4.2 4.3 4.4 4.5 4.6 Huxley, Anthony. The New Royal Horticultural Society Dictionary of Gardening. MacMillan Press, 1992.
- ↑ Corbetta, Francisco. The COmplete Book of Fruits and Vegetables. 1985.
- ↑ 6.0 6.1 6.2 Duke, James. Handbook of Energy Crops. 1983.
- ↑ 7.0 7.1 7.2 7.3 7.4 Uphof, Johannes. Dictionary of Economic Plants. Weinheim, 1959.
- ↑ Facciola, Stephen. Cornucopia - A Source Book of Edible Plants. Kampong Publications, 1990.
- ↑ Philbrick, Helen and Richard Gregg. Companion Plants. Watkins, 1979.
- ↑ Riotte, Louise. Carrots Love Tomatoes. Garden Way, 1978.
- ↑ Allardice, Pamela. A-Z of Companion Planting. Cassell Publishers, 1993.
- ↑ Hedrick, Ulysses. Sturtevant's Edible Plants of the World. Dover Publications, 1972.
- ↑ 13.0 13.1 13.2 13.3 13.4 13.5 13.6 13.7 Chiej, Roberto. Encyclopaedia of Medicinal Plants. MacDonald, 1984.
- ↑ Lust, John. The Herb Book. Bantam Books, 1983.
- ↑ 15.0 15.1 Hill, Albert. Economic Botany. The Maple Press, 1952.
- ↑ 16.0 16.1 16.2 16.3 16.4 16.5 Chevallier, Andrew. The Encyclopedia of Medicinal Plants. Dorling Kindersley, 1996.
- ↑ Bown, Deni. Royal Horticultural Society Encyclopaedia of Herbs and Their Uses. Dorling Kindersley, 1995.
- ↑ 18.0 18.1 Chopra, R. Glossary of Indian Medicinal Plants. Council of Scientific and Industrial Research, New Delhi, 1986.
- ↑ Duke, James and Edward Ayensu. Medicinal Plants of China. Reference Publications, 1985.