Coriandrum sativum
| Coriandrum sativum | |
| Light: |   |
| Moisture: |   |
| Hardiness: | 5 |
| Soil pH: | 5.6-8.4 |
| Self Pollinated | |
| Height: | 1' |
| Width: | 1' |
| Blooms: | Early Summer-Mid Summer |
| Native to: | |
| Shelter | |
| Edible Rating: |  |
| Medicinal Rating: |  |
| Tea: | Yes |
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Coriandrum sativum (common name: coriander)
Propagation: Seed - sow April in situ[1][2]. The seed is slow to germinate and so on a garden scale it can also be sown in March in a cold frame. Sow a few seeds in each pot and then plant them out when they are growing away strongly in May[3].
The seed can also be sown in situ in the autumn[1]. Autumn sown plants will grow bigger and produce more seed.
Cultivation: Prefers a warm dry light soil[3][4][2]. Plants grown mainly for their seeds do well in partial shade, but when growing for the seed or essential oil a sunny position is preferred[5]. The plants dislike constant moisture[6] or too much nitrogen[7]. Another report says that coriander grows best when a cool damp spring is followed by a hot dry summer[5]. Coriander tends to run quickly to seed if the plants are too dry at the seedling stage[5]. Plants tolerate a pH in the range 4.9 to 8.3.
Coriander is often cultivated, both on a garden scale and commercially, for its edible seed[3][8], there are some named varieties[9]. The plant is fast-growing, ripening its seed without difficulty in Britain and it seems to be free of pests and diseases[10].
The seeds have been used medicinally and as a food flavouring since ancient times, and were introduced into Britain by the Romans[11]. In the Middle Ages they were added to love potions because of their reputation as aphrodisiacs[11].
The plants flowers are very attractive to pollinating insects[6][12][13].
Coriander is in general a good companion plant in the garden, helping to repel aphis and carrot root fly[5]. It grows well with anise, improving the germination rate when the two species are sown together[6][12][14][5], but it grows badly with fennel, where it acts to reduce the seed yield of the fennel[6][12][14][13][5]. Coriander also grows particularly well with dill and chervil[13].
Range: S. Europe. Naturalized in Britain[15].
Habitat: Waste places and arable land, often by the sides of rivers[3][16].
Edibility: Leaves - raw or cooked. They are used as a flavouring in salads, soups etc[17][3][18][2][19] and the fresh leaves are probably the most widely used flavouring herb in the world[20]. The leaves have an aromatic flavour[9]. It is foetid according to another report[3], whilst another says that the fresh leaves have a strong bedbug-like smell[11].. The leaves should not be eaten in large quantities[21]. The fresh leaves contain about 0.012% oxalic acid and 0.172% calcium[22].
Seed - cooked. It is used as a flavouring in many dishes including cakes, bread and curries, it is also widely used to flavour certain alcoholic liquors[17][3][23][18][4][2]. The fresh seed has a disagreeable and nauseous smell, but when dried it becomes fragrant, the longer it is kept the more fragrant it becomes[3][21]. Plants yield about 1¾ tonnes per acre of seed[3].
The root is powdered and used as a condiment[24].
An essential oil from the seed is used as a food flavouring[18][25][19][26]
Medicinal: Coriander is a commonly used domestic remedy, valued especially for its effect on the digestive system, treating flatulence, diarrhoea and colic[16][11]. It settles spasms in the gut and counters the effects of nervous tension[27].
The seed is aromatic, carminative, expectorant, narcotic, stimulant and stomachic[3][16][18][25][28][29][13][5]. It is most often used with active purgatives in order to disguise their flavour and combat their tendency to cause gripe[3][11]. The raw seed is chewed to stimulate the flow of gastric juices and to cure foul breath[22][20] and will sweeten the breath after garlic has been eaten[27]. Some caution is advised, however, because if used too freely the seeds become narcotic[3]. Externally the seeds have been used as a lotion or have been bruised and used as a poultice to treat rheumatic pains[27][20].
The essential oil is used in aromatherapy. Its keyword is 'Appetite stimulant'[30].
Usage: An essential oil from the seed is used as a food flavouring, in perfumery, soap making etc[18][25][19][31][26]. It is also fungicidal and bactericidal[5].
The growing plant repels aphids[6][14][13]. A spray made by boiling of one part coriander leaves and one part anise seeds in two parts of water is very effective against red spider mites and woolly aphids[13].
An oil from the seed is used for making soap[31]. The report does not make it clear if the essential oil or the fixed oil is used[K].
The seed contains about 20% fixed oil[22], this has potential for industrial use in Britain, it could become an alternative to oilseed rape though the oil content is a bit on the low side at present (1995). The oil can be split into two basic types, one is used in making soaps etc, whilst the other can be used in making plastics[10].
The dried stems are used as a fuel[31].
Pollinators: Insects
Soil: Can grow in light and medium soils.
Drainage: Prefers well drained soil.
Seed Ripens: Late Summer-Early Fall
Flower Type: Hermaphrodite
Known Hazards: The plant can have a narcotic effect if it is eaten in very large quantities[13].
Links
References
- ↑ 1.0 1.1 Chittendon, Fred. RHS Dictionary of Plants. Oxford University Press, 1951.
- ↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 2.3 Thompson, Robert. The Gardener's Assistant. Blackie and Son, 1878.
- ↑ 3.00 3.01 3.02 3.03 3.04 3.05 3.06 3.07 3.08 3.09 3.10 3.11 Grieve, Margaret. A Modern Herbal. Penguin, 1984.
- ↑ 4.0 4.1 Vilmorin-Andrieux. The Vegetable Garden. Ten Speed Press.
- ↑ 5.0 5.1 5.2 5.3 5.4 5.5 5.6 5.7 Bown, Deni. Royal Horticultural Society Encyclopaedia of Herbs and Their Uses. Dorling Kindersley, 1995.
- ↑ 6.0 6.1 6.2 6.3 6.4 Hylton, Josie and William Holtom. Complete Guide to Herbs. Rodale Press, 1979.
- ↑ Huxley, Anthony. The New Royal Horticultural Society Dictionary of Gardening. MacMillan Press, 1992.
- ↑ Brouk, Bohuslav. Plants Consumed by Man. Academic Press, 1975.
- ↑ 9.0 9.1 Facciola, Stephen. Cornucopia - A Source Book of Edible Plants. Kampong Publications, 1990.
- ↑ 10.0 10.1 Radio 4 Farming Programme, 25/08/95. 1995.
- ↑ 11.0 11.1 11.2 11.3 11.4 Phillips, Roger. Herbs. Pan Books, 1990.
- ↑ 12.0 12.1 12.2 Philbrick, Helen and Richard Gregg. Companion Plants. Watkins, 1979.
- ↑ 13.0 13.1 13.2 13.3 13.4 13.5 13.6 Allardice, Pamela. A-Z of Companion Planting. Cassell Publishers, 1993.
- ↑ 14.0 14.1 14.2 Riotte, Louise. Carrots Love Tomatoes. Garden Way, 1978.
- ↑ Clapham, Arthur and Tom Tootin, Edmund Warburg. Flora of the British Isles. Cambridge University Press, 1962.
- ↑ 16.0 16.1 16.2 Launert, Edmund. Edible and Medicinal Plants. Hamlyn, 1981.
- ↑ 17.0 17.1 Hedrick, Ulysses. Sturtevant's Edible Plants of the World. Dover Publications, 1972.
- ↑ 18.0 18.1 18.2 18.3 18.4 Lust, John. The Herb Book. Bantam Books, 1983.
- ↑ 19.0 19.1 19.2 Usher, George. A Dictionary of Plants Used by Man. Constable, 1974.
- ↑ 20.0 20.1 20.2 Stuart, Malcolm. The Encyclopedia of Herbs and Herbalism. Orbis Publishing, 1979.
- ↑ 21.0 21.1 Corbetta, Francisco. The COmplete Book of Fruits and Vegetables. 1985.
- ↑ 22.0 22.1 22.2 Chopra, R. Glossary of Indian Medicinal Plants. Council of Scientific and Industrial Research, New Delhi, 1986.
- ↑ Mabey, Richard. Food for Free. Collins, 1974.
- ↑ Yanovsky, Elias. Food Plants of the North American Indians Publication 237. US Department of Agriculture.
- ↑ 25.0 25.1 25.2 Uphof, Johannes. Dictionary of Economic Plants. Weinheim, 1959.
- ↑ 26.0 26.1 Tanaka, Tyōzaburō. Tanaka's Cyclopaedia of Edible Plants of the World. Keigaku Publishing, 1976.
- ↑ 27.0 27.1 27.2 Chevallier, Andrew. The Encyclopedia of Medicinal Plants. Dorling Kindersley, 1996.
- ↑ Revolutionary Health Committee of Hunan Province. A Barefoot Doctors Manual. Running Press.
- ↑ Stuart, George. Chinese Materia Medica. Taipei Southern Materials Centre.
- ↑ Westwood, Christine. Aromatherapy - A Guide for Home Use. Amberwood Publishing, 1993.
- ↑ 31.0 31.1 31.2 Komarov, Vladimir. Flora of the USSR. Gantner Verlag, 1968.