Betula lenta
| Betula lenta | |
| Light: |   |
| Moisture: |  |
| Hardiness: | 3 |
| Soil pH: | 5.6-8.4 |
| Height: | 79' |
| Speed: | Fast |
| Blooms: | Mid Spring |
| Open Woods Forest | |
| Native to: | |
| Edible Rating: |  |
| Medicinal Rating: |  |
| Tea: | Yes |
 | |
Betula lenta (common name: cherry birch)
Propagation: Seed - best sown as soon as it is ripe in a light position in a cold frame[1][2][3][4]. Only just cover the seed and place the pot in a sunny position[1][2][4]. Spring sown seed should be surface sown in a sunny position in a cold frame[3][4]. If the germination is poor, raising the temperature by covering the seed with glass can help[4]. When they are large enough to handle, prick the seedlings out into individual pots and grow them on in a cold frame for at least their first winter. Plant them out into their permanent positions in late spring or early summer, after the last expected frosts.
If you have sufficient seed, it can be sown in an outdoor seedbed, either as soon as it is ripe or in the early spring - do not cover the spring sown seed. Grow the plants on in the seedbed for 2 years before planting them out into their permanent positions in the winter[1][2][3][4].
Cultivation: An easily grown plant, it succeeds in a well-drained loamy soil in a sheltered position[5][6]. Grows well in heavy clay soils. Dislikes wet soils[6]. Shade tolerant[6]. Cherry birch is said to tolerate an annual precipitation of ca 60 to 150cm, an average annual temperature range of 5 to 12°C, and a pH of 4.5 to 7.5[7].
Hybridizes freely with other members of this genus[8].
The bruised foliage has a strong smell of wintergreen[6].
A good plant to grow near the compost heap, aiding the fermentation process[9].
Trees can be coppiced on a cycle of 5 years or more[10].
Trees are notably susceptible to honey fungus[6].
Range: Eastern N. America - Quebec to Georgia, west to Alberta and Ohio.
Habitat: Rich woodlands, preferring north-facing slopes and moist soils[11][12]. It is also found on rocky soils[13].
Edibility: Inner bark - cooked or dried and ground into a powder[14][12][15]. Sweet and spicy[16]. The dried inner bark can be used as a thickener in soups etc or can be added to flour when making bread etc. Inner bark is generally only seen as a famine food, used when other forms of starch are not available or are in short supply[K].
Sap - raw or cooked[17][18][15]. A sweet flavour[19][16]. It is harvested in early spring, before the leaves unfurl, by tapping the trunk. The flow is best on sunny days following a heavy frost. A delicious drink, it can also be concentrated into a syrup or sugar[20]. The sap can be fermented to make birch beer or vinegar[20]. An old English recipe for the beer is as follows:-
"To every Gallon of Birch-water put a quart of Honey, well stirr'd together; then boil it almost an hour with a few Cloves, and a little Limon-peel, keeping it well scumm'd. When it is sufficiently boil'd, and become cold, add to it three or four Spoonfuls of good Ale to make it work...and when the Test begins to settle, bottle it up . . . it is gentle, and very harmless in operation within the body, and exceedingly sharpens the Appetite, being drunk ante pastum."[7].
The dried leaves and bark from the larger roots are a delightful tea substitute[16][20].
A wholesome, agreeable tea is made from the essential oil contained in the inner bark and twigs[21][22][12]. This essential oil is also used as a wintergreen flavouring in foods[20].
Medicinal: The bark is anthelmintic, astringent, diaphoretic, diuretic and stimulant[14][21]. A tea made from the bark is used in the treatment of fevers, stomach aches and lung ailments[23][24], it is said to be an excellent tonic in cases of dysentery and to be useful in the treatment of gravel and female obstructions[14].
An essential oil distilled from the bark is anti-inflammatory, analgesic and rubefacient[23]. It is used in the treatment of rheumatism, bladder infections, neuralgia etc[23]. The oil, called 'oil of wintergreen', used to be produced commercially, but it is now manufactured synthetically[23].
A tea made from the twigs is used in the treatment of fevers[23].
The leaves can be chewed or used in an infusion in the treatment of dysentery[24].
Usage: An essential oil is obtained from the bark and twigs, it is distilled in quantity and is an item of commerce[25]. It can be used medicinally, as a food flavouring, as an ingredient in cosmetic shampoos and also to make a wholesome tea[5][21][18][26][7]. The oil, when decolourized, is similar to 'Oil of Wintergreen' (obtained from Gaultheria procumbens) and is considered to be of superior quality[10]. The tree is coppiced every 5 years and all parts are distilled for the oil[10]. The tree grows up to 3 metres tall in this 5 year period[10]. The greatest yield of oil is obtained if the tree is harvested in the summer[10].
The oil distilled from the wood is insect repellent[7].l
The bark contains up to 16% tannin[27].
The thin outer bark is waterproof and has been used as the outer cladding on dwellings, canoes etc[24]. It has also been used to make baskets, dishes, buckets etc[24].
Wood - very strong, close grained, hard, heavy. The wood is richly marked[14], it weighs 40lb per cubic foot and is exploited commercially for making floors, furniture, tools etc[5][18][19][28][26][13]. It makes an excellent fuel[5][18][19][13].
Pollinators: Wind
Soil: Can grow in light, medium, and heavy soils.
Drainage: Prefers well drained soil.
Seed Ripens: Mid Fall
Flower Type: Monoecious
Heavy Clay: Grows in heavy-clay soils.
Known Hazards: The essential oil obtained from the bark contains 97 - 99% methyl salicylate. This is very toxic when taken orally, and it can also be absorbed through the skin, resulting in human fatalities. As little as 4, 700 mg can be fatal in children[7].
Also Known As: B. carpinifolia.
Links
References
- ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 Sheat, Wilfrid. Propagation of Trees, Shrubs and Conifers. St Martin, 1948.
- ↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 McMillan-Browse, Philip. Hardy Woody Plants from Seed. Grower Books, 1985.
- ↑ 3.0 3.1 3.2 Dirr, Michael and Charles Heuser. The Reference Manual of Woody Plant Propagation. Athens Ga. Varsity Press, 1987.
- ↑ 4.0 4.1 4.2 4.3 4.4 Rice, Graham. Growing from Seed Volume 2. Thompson and Morgan, 1988.
- ↑ 5.0 5.1 5.2 5.3 Bean, William. Trees and Shrubs Hardy in Great Britain. Murray, 1981.
- ↑ 6.0 6.1 6.2 6.3 6.4 Huxley, Anthony. The New Royal Horticultural Society Dictionary of Gardening. MacMillan Press, 1992.
- ↑ 7.0 7.1 7.2 7.3 7.4 Duke, James. Handbook of Energy Crops. 1983.
- ↑ Tutin, Tom et al.. Flora Europaea. Cambridge University Press, 1964.
- ↑ Riotte, Louise. Carrots Love Tomatoes. Garden Way, 1978.
- ↑ 10.0 10.1 10.2 10.3 10.4 Genders, Roy. Scented Flora of the World. Robert Hale, 1994.
- ↑ Lyndon, Merritt. Gray's Manual of Botany. American Book Co, 1950.
- ↑ 12.0 12.1 12.2 Elias, Thomas. A Field Guide to North American Edible Wild Plants. Van Nostrand Reinhold, 1982.
- ↑ 13.0 13.1 13.2 Elias, Thomas. The Complete Trees of North America. Van Nostrand Reinhold, 1980.
- ↑ 14.0 14.1 14.2 14.3 Grieve, Margaret. A Modern Herbal. Penguin, 1984.
- ↑ 15.0 15.1 Kavasch, Barrie. Native Harvests. Vintage Books, 1979.
- ↑ 16.0 16.1 16.2 Kunkel, Günther. Plants for Human Consumption. Koeltz Scientific Books, 1984.
- ↑ Hedrick, Ulysses. Sturtevant's Edible Plants of the World. Dover Publications, 1972.
- ↑ 18.0 18.1 18.2 18.3 Uphof, Johannes. Dictionary of Economic Plants. Weinheim, 1959.
- ↑ 19.0 19.1 19.2 Usher, George. A Dictionary of Plants Used by Man. Constable, 1974.
- ↑ 20.0 20.1 20.2 20.3 Facciola, Stephen. Cornucopia - A Source Book of Edible Plants. Kampong Publications, 1990.
- ↑ 21.0 21.1 21.2 Lust, John. The Herb Book. Bantam Books, 1983.
- ↑ Harris, Ben. Eat the Weeds. Pivot Health, 1973.
- ↑ 23.0 23.1 23.2 23.3 23.4 Foster, Steven and Billy Tatum. Medicinal Plants of Eastern and Central North America. Houghton Mifflin, 1990.
- ↑ 24.0 24.1 24.2 24.3 Moerman, Daniel. Native American Ethnobotany. Timber Press, 1998.
- ↑ Britton, Nathaniel and Addison Brown. An Illustrated Flora of the Northern United States and Canada. Dover Publications, 1970.
- ↑ 26.0 26.1 Hill, Albert. Economic Botany. The Maple Press, 1952.
- ↑ Rottsieper, E. Vegetable Tannins. The Forestal Land, 1946.
- ↑ Sargent, Charles. Manual of the Trees of North America. Dover, 1965.