Asclepias tuberosa
| Asclepias tuberosa | |
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| Light: |   |
| Moisture: |   |
| Hardiness: | 3 |
| Soil pH: | 5.6-8.4 |
| Height: | 2' |
| Width: | 1' |
| Blooms: | Mid Summer-Early Fall |
| Native to: | |
| Nectary | |
| Edible Rating: |  |
| Medicinal Rating: |  |
| Tea: | Yes |
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Asclepias tuberosa (common names: pleurisy root and butterfly milkweed)
While slow to grow and may take three years before the flowers blooms, butterfly milkweed rewards its gardeners with many years of bright tangerine-orange flowers covered in butterflies, hummingbirds, and bees who come to drink the flowers heavy with nectar and pollen. Once classified as a noxious weed due to toxic effect on livestock, there were efforts to eradicate this vital larval host plant that monarch, queens, and grey hairstreak butterflies depend on. Butterfly milkweed will inevitably have an aphid problem which can serve as a buffet for ladybugs or can be safely removed by spraying the aphids and foliage with soapy water. While officially a milkweed, butterfly milkweed lacks the milky sap that can irritate skin. Grow in sunny spots in almost any well-draining soil from seed and deadhead to stimulate another bloom cycle about a month after the first. Butterfly milkweed is not related to butterfly bush (Buddleja sp.) which we discourage in American and Canadian gardens.
Propagation: Seed - best sown in a greenhouse as soon as it is ripe in the autumn or in late winter[1][2]. We have also had good results from sowing the seed in the greenhouse in early spring[K], though stored seed might need 2 - 3 weeks cold stratification[1]. Germination usually takes place in 1 - 3 months at 18°c[1]. As soon as the seedlings are large enough to handle, prick them out into individual pots and grow them on in the greenhouse for their first winter. Plant out when they are in active growth in late spring or early summer and give them some protection from slugs until they are growing away strongly.
Division in spring. With great care since the plant resents root disturbance. Pot the divisions up and place them in a lightly shaded position in the greenhouse until they are growing away strongly, then plant them out in the summer, giving them some protection from slugs until they are established.
Basal cuttings in late spring. Use shoots about 10cm long with as much of their white underground stem as possible. Pot them up individually and place them in a lightly shaded position in a greenhouse until they are rooting and growing actively. If the plants grow sufficiently, they can be put into their permanent positions in the summer, otherwise keep them in the greenhouse until the following spring and when they are in active growth plant them out into their permanent positions. Give them some protection from slugs until they are established.
Cultivation: Prefers a well-drained light, rich or peaty soil[3][4]. Prefers a sandy soil and a sunny position[5][6]. Prefers a slightly acid soil[7]. Prefers a dry soil[8][7].
Plants are hardy to about -20°c[8]. Another report says that this species is only suited to the warmer areas of Britain[6].
A very ornamental plant[3], but it is not easy to establish or to keep in British gardens[6].
Resents root disturbance[9][1], plants should be pot-grown from seed and planted out in their permanent positions when young. Plants are particularly at risk from slugs, however, and some protection will probably be required until the plants are established and also in the spring when the new shoots come into growth[K].
The flower can trap insects between its anther cells, the struggles of the insect in escaping ensure the pollination of the plant[10].
Range: N. America - S. Ontario and New York to Minnesota, south to Florida and Colorado.
Habitat: Dry open sandy and gravelly soils and grassy places by the sides of roads[11][8][12].
Edibility: Whilst most parts of this plant have been used as food, some caution is advised since large doses can cause diarrhoea and vomiting - see the notes above on toxicity.
Flower buds - cooked. They taste somewhat like peas[13].
Young shoots - cooked. An asparagus substitute[14][9][15][13][16].
The tips of older shoots are cooked like spinach[13].
Young seed pods - cooked. Harvested when 3 - 4 cm long and before the seed floss begins to form, they are very appetizing[14][9][17][18][13].
The flower clusters can be boiled down to make a sugary syrup[14][9][13][16]. In hot weather the flowers produce so much nectar that it crystallises out into small lumps which can be eaten like sweets, they are delicious[K].
Root - cooked[14][9][15][18][13][19]. A nutty flavour[20]. Some reports say that it is poisonous[16].
An edible oil is obtained from the seed[21]. The seed is very small, however, and commercial usage would not be very viable.
Medicinal: Pleurisy root is a bitter, nutty-flavoured tonic herb that increases perspiration, relieves spasms and acts as an expectorant[7]. It was much used by the North American Indians and acquired a reputation as a heal-all amongst the earlier white settlers[22][23]. Its main use in present day herbalism is for relieving the pain and inflammation of pleurisy[22].
The root is antispasmodic, carminative, mildly cathartic, diaphoretic, diuretic, expectorant, tonic and vasodilator[9][17][15][20]. The root was very popular as a medicinal herb for the treatment of a range of lung diseases, it was considered especially useful as an expectorant[9][24][22]. It has never been scientifically examined and warrants further investigation[24]. It has also been used internally with great advantage in the treatment of diarrhoea, dysentery, rheumatism etc[9]. Use with caution[17], This remedy should not be prescribed for pregnant women[7]. See also the notes above on toxicity. The root is harvested in the autumn and can be used fresh or dried[7].
A poultice of the dried, powdered roots is used in the treatment of swellings, bruises, wounds, ulcers, lameness etc[25][7][12].
Usage: A good quality fibre is obtained from the bark and is used in making twine, cloth etc[21]. It is easily harvested in late autumn after the plant has died down by simply pulling the fibres off the dried stems[2].
The seed floss is used to stuff pillows etc or is mixed with other fibres to make cloth[2]. It is a kapok substitute, used in life jackets or as a stuffing material[2]. Very water repellent. The floss has also been used to mop up oil spills at sea.
The plant is a potential source of latex, used for making rubber[26]. This species is the only member of the genus that does not have latex in its sap[24].
The seedpods contain an oil and a wax which are of potential importance.
Candle wicks are made from the seed floss.
The seed contains up to 21% of a semi-drying oil[21].
Pollinators: Bees, insects, lepidoptera
Soil: Can grow in light and medium soils.
Drainage: Prefers well drained soil.
Flower Type: Hermaphrodite
Known Hazards: Although no specific reports have been seen for this species, many, if not all, members of this genus contain toxic resinoids, alkaloids and cardiac glycosides[27]. They are usually avoided by grazing animals[27].
The plant is poisonous if eaten in lar
Links
- Asclepias tuberosa - Plants for a Future
- Asclepias tuberosa - USDA Plant Profile
References
- ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 Rice, Graham. Growing from Seed Volume 2. Thompson and Morgan, 1988.
- ↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 2.3 Buchanan, Rita. A Weavers Garden.
- ↑ 3.0 3.1 Chittendon, Fred. RHS Dictionary of Plants. Oxford University Press, 1951.
- ↑ Huxley, Anthony. The New Royal Horticultural Society Dictionary of Gardening. MacMillan Press, 1992.
- ↑ Sanders, Thomas. Popular Hardy Perennials. Collingridge, 1926.
- ↑ 6.0 6.1 6.2 Thomas, Graham. Perennial Garden Plants. J. M. Dent & Sons, 1990.
- ↑ 7.0 7.1 7.2 7.3 7.4 7.5 Bown, Deni. Royal Horticultural Society Encyclopaedia of Herbs and Their Uses. Dorling Kindersley, 1995.
- ↑ 8.0 8.1 8.2 Phillips, Roger and Martyn Rix. Perennials - The Definitve Reference. Pan Books, 1991.
- ↑ 9.0 9.1 9.2 9.3 9.4 9.5 9.6 9.7 Grieve, Margaret. A Modern Herbal. Penguin, 1984.
- ↑ Coffey, Timothy. The History and Folklore of North American Wild Flowers. Facts on File, 1993.
- ↑ Lyndon, Merritt. Gray's Manual of Botany. American Book Co, 1950.
- ↑ 12.0 12.1 Stuart, Malcolm. The Encyclopedia of Herbs and Herbalism. Orbis Publishing, 1979.
- ↑ 13.0 13.1 13.2 13.3 13.4 13.5 Harrington, Harold. Edible Native Plants of the Rocky Mountains. University of New Mexico Press, 1967.
- ↑ 14.0 14.1 14.2 14.3 Hedrick, Ulysses. Sturtevant's Edible Plants of the World. Dover Publications, 1972.
- ↑ 15.0 15.1 15.2 Uphof, Johannes. Dictionary of Economic Plants. Weinheim, 1959.
- ↑ 16.0 16.1 16.2 Facciola, Stephen. Cornucopia - A Source Book of Edible Plants. Kampong Publications, 1990.
- ↑ 17.0 17.1 17.2 Lust, John. The Herb Book. Bantam Books, 1983.
- ↑ 18.0 18.1 Usher, George. A Dictionary of Plants Used by Man. Constable, 1974.
- ↑ Tanaka, Tyōzaburō. Tanaka's Cyclopaedia of Edible Plants of the World. Keigaku Publishing, 1976.
- ↑ 20.0 20.1 Mills, Simon. The Dictionary of Modern Herbalism.
- ↑ 21.0 21.1 21.2 Whiting, Geraldine. A Summary of the Literature on Milkweeds (Asclepias spp.) and their utilization. US Government Printing Office, 1943.
- ↑ 22.0 22.1 22.2 Chevallier, Andrew. The Encyclopedia of Medicinal Plants. Dorling Kindersley, 1996.
- ↑ Moerman, Daniel. Native American Ethnobotany. Timber Press, 1998.
- ↑ 24.0 24.1 24.2 Weiner, Michael. Earth Medicine, Earth Food. Ballantine Books, 1980.
- ↑ Foster, Steven and Billy Tatum. Medicinal Plants of Eastern and Central North America. Houghton Mifflin, 1990.
- ↑ Schery. Robert. Plants for Man. Prentice Hall, 1972.
- ↑ 27.0 27.1 Diggs, George and Barney Lipscomb. Illustrated Flora of North Central Texas. Botanical Research Institute, 1999.