Arctium lappa
| Arctium lappa | |
| Light: |   |
| Moisture: |  |
| Hardiness: | 3 |
| Soil pH: | 5.6-8.4 |
| Self Pollinated | |
| Life Cycle: | Biennial |
| Height: | 7' |
| Width: | 3' |
| Blooms: | Mid Summer-Early Fall |
| Native to: | |
| Shelter | |
| Edible Rating: |  |
| Medicinal Rating: |  |
| Tea: | Yes |
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Arctium lappa (common name: great burdock)
Propagation: Seed - best sown in situ in the autumn[1]. The seed can also be sown in spring[2]. Germination can be erratic, it is best to sow the seed in trays and plant out the young plants before the tap-root develops[2]. Seed requires a minimum temperature of 10°c, but a temperature of 20 - 25°c is optimum[2]. Germination rates can be improved by pre-soaking the seed for 12 hours or by scarification[2]. They germinate best in the light[2]. The autumn sowing should be made as late as possible because any plants with roots more than 3mm in diameter in the spring will quickly run to seed if cold temperatures are followed by daylengths longer than 12½ hours[2].
Cultivation: Succeeds in most soils when grown in partial shade[1]. Prefers a moist neutral to alkaline soil[3] and a sunny position in a heavy soil[4]. Plants are best grown in a light well-drained soil if the roots are required for culinary use[1][2]. Tolerates a pH in the range 4.6 to 7.8.
The top growth dies back at temperatures a little above freezing, but the roots tolerate much lower temperatures[2] and can be left in the ground all winter to be harvested as required.
Burdock is cultivated for its edible root in Japan, there are some named varieties[5]. Spring-sown seed produces edible roots in late summer and autumn, whilst autumn sown crops mature in the following spring or early summer[2].
Although the plants are quite large, it is best to grow them fairly close together (about 15cm apart, or in rows 30cm apart with the plants 5 - 8cm apart in the rows) since this encourages the development of long straight roots[2].
The seed head has little hooked prickles and these attach themselves to the hairs or clothing of passing creatures and can thus be carried for some considerable distance from the parent plant[6]. The plants usually self-sow freely[3].
The flowers are very attractive to bees and butterflies[2].
Range: Most of Europe, including Britain, east to northern Asia.
Habitat: Waste ground, preferring calcareous soils[7], it is sometimes also found in meadows and woods[8].
Edibility: Root - raw or cooked[9][7][8][10][11]. Very young roots can be eaten raw, but older roots are normally cooked[2]. They can be up to 120cm long and 2.5cm wide at the top, but are best harvested when no more than 60cm long[2]. Old and very long roots are apt to become woody at the core[2]. Although it does not have much flavour the root can absorb other flavours[12]. Young roots have a mild flavour, but this becomes stronger as the root gets older[2]. The root is white but discolours rapidly when exposed to the air[2]. Roots can be dried for later use[13]. They contain about 2.5% protein, 0.14% fat, 14.5% carbohydrate, 1.17% ash[11]. The root contains about 45% inulin[14]. Inulin is a starch that cannot be digested by the human body, and thus passes straight through the digestive system. In some people this starch will cause fermentation in the gut, resulting in wind[K]. Inulin can be converted into a sweetener that is suitable for diabetics to eat[K].
Young leaves - raw or cooked[8][15][10][16]. A mucilaginous texture[11]. The leaves contain about 3.5% protein, 1.8% fat, 19.4% carbohydrate, 8.8% ash[11].
Young stalks and branches - raw or cooked[9][8][17][18][16]. Used like asparagus or spinach[15][5]. They taste best if the rind is removed[19][20]. The leaf stalks can be parboiled and used as a substitute for cardoons[5].
The pith of the flowering stem can be eaten raw in salads, boiled or made into confections[6][5]. A delicate vegetable, somewhat like asparagus in flavour[6].
The seeds can be sprouted and used like bean-sprouts[15][17][5].
Medicinal: Burdock is one of the foremost detoxifying herbs in both Chinese and Western herbal medicine[21]. The dried root of one year old plants is the official herb, but the leaves and fruits can also be used[6]. It is used to treat conditions caused by an 'overload' of toxins, such as throat and other infections, boils, rashes and other skin problems[21]. The root is thought to be particularly good at helping to eliminate heavy metals from the body[21]. The plant is also part of a North American formula called essiac which is a popular treatment for cancer. Its effectiveness has never been reliably proven or disproven since controlled studies have not been carried out. The other herbs included in the formula are Rumex acetosella, Ulmus rubra and Rheum palmatum[21].
The plant is antibacterial, antifungal, carminative[8][22][23][24][25]. It has soothing, mucilaginous properties and is said to be one of the most certain cures for many types of skin diseases, burns, bruises etc[6][26]. It is used in the treatment of herpes, eczema, acne, impetigo, ringworm, boils, bites etc[26]. The plant can be taken internally as an infusion, or used externally as a wash[26]. Use with caution[24].
The roots of one-year old plants are harvested in mid-summer and dried. They are alterative, aperient, blood purifier, cholagogue, depurative, diaphoretic, diuretic and stomachic[27][28].
The seed is alterative, antiphlogistic, depurative, diaphoretic and diuretic[27]. Recent research has shown that seed extracts lower blood sugar levels[3]. The seed is harvested in the summer and dried for later use[21].
The crushed seed is poulticed onto bruises[28]. The leaves are poulticed onto burns, ulcers and sores[28].
Usage: The juice of the plant, when used as a friction, is said to have a stimulating action against baldness[7].
Pollinators: Bees, lepidoptera, self
Habit: Biennial
Soil: Can grow in light, medium, and heavy soils.
Drainage: Prefers well drained soil.
Seed Ripens: Early Fall-Mid Fall
Flower Type: Hermaphrodite
Known Hazards: Care should be taken if harvesting the seed in any quantity since tiny hairs from the seeds can be inhaled and these are toxic[29].
Also Known As: A. majus.
Links
References
- ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 Huxley, Anthony. The New Royal Horticultural Society Dictionary of Gardening. MacMillan Press, 1992.
- ↑ 2.00 2.01 2.02 2.03 2.04 2.05 2.06 2.07 2.08 2.09 2.10 2.11 2.12 2.13 2.14 2.15 Larkcom, Joy. Oriental Vegetables. John Murray, 1991.
- ↑ 3.0 3.1 3.2 Bown, Deni. Royal Horticultural Society Encyclopaedia of Herbs and Their Uses. Dorling Kindersley, 1995.
- ↑ Douglas, James. Alternative Foods.
- ↑ 5.0 5.1 5.2 5.3 5.4 Facciola, Stephen. Cornucopia - A Source Book of Edible Plants. Kampong Publications, 1990.
- ↑ 6.0 6.1 6.2 6.3 6.4 Grieve, Margaret. A Modern Herbal. Penguin, 1984.
- ↑ 7.0 7.1 7.2 Chiej, Roberto. Encyclopaedia of Medicinal Plants. MacDonald, 1984.
- ↑ 8.0 8.1 8.2 8.3 8.4 Launert, Edmund. Edible and Medicinal Plants. Hamlyn, 1981.
- ↑ 9.0 9.1 Hedrick, Ulysses. Sturtevant's Edible Plants of the World. Dover Publications, 1972.
- ↑ 10.0 10.1 Hylton, Josie and William Holtom. Complete Guide to Herbs. Rodale Press, 1979.
- ↑ 11.0 11.1 11.2 11.3 Read, Bernard. Famine Foods Listed in the Chiu Huang Pen Ts'ao. Taipei Southern Materials Centre, 1977.
- ↑ Brooklyn Botanic Garden. Oriental Herbs and Vegetables, Vol 39 No. 2. Brooklyn Botanic Garden, 1986.
- ↑ Weiner, Michael. Earth Medicine, Earth Food. Ballantine Books, 1980.
- ↑ Chopra, R. Glossary of Indian Medicinal Plants. Council of Scientific and Industrial Research, New Delhi, 1986.
- ↑ 15.0 15.1 15.2 Loewenfeld, Claire and Philippa Back. Britain's Wild Larder. David and Charles.
- ↑ 16.0 16.1 Elias, Thomas. A Field Guide to North American Edible Wild Plants. Van Nostrand Reinhold, 1982.
- ↑ 17.0 17.1 Larkcom, Joy. Salads all the Year Round. Hamlyn, 1980.
- ↑ Harris, Ben. Eat the Weeds. Pivot Health, 1973.
- ↑ Harrington, Harold. Edible Native Plants of the Rocky Mountains. University of New Mexico Press, 1967.
- ↑ Rosengarten Jr., Frederic. The Book of Edible Nuts. Dover, 1984.
- ↑ 21.0 21.1 21.2 21.3 21.4 Chevallier, Andrew. The Encyclopedia of Medicinal Plants. Dorling Kindersley, 1996.
- ↑ Lust, John. The Herb Book. Bantam Books, 1983.
- ↑ Revolutionary Health Committee of Hunan Province. A Barefoot Doctors Manual. Running Press.
- ↑ 24.0 24.1 Mills, Simon. The Dictionary of Modern Herbalism.
- ↑ Yeung, Him-Che. Handbook of Chinese Herbs and Formulas. Institute of Chinese Medicine, 1985.
- ↑ 26.0 26.1 26.2 Phillips, Roger. Herbs. Pan Books, 1990.
- ↑ 27.0 27.1 Duke, James and Edward Ayensu. Medicinal Plants of China. Reference Publications, 1985.
- ↑ 28.0 28.1 28.2 Foster, Steven and Billy Tatum. Medicinal Plants of Eastern and Central North America. Houghton Mifflin, 1990.
- ↑ Erhardt, Walter. Hemerocallis: Day Lilies. Batsford, 1992.