Tilia × europaea

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Tilia × europaea
Light:Full Sun Part Shade
Moisture:Mesic
Hardiness:3
Soil pH:5.6-8.4
Height:115'
Width:49'
Speed:Moderate
Blooms:Mid Summer
Open Woods Forest
Shelter
Edible Rating:PFAF Edibility RatingPFAF Edibility RatingPFAF Edibility RatingPFAF Edibility RatingPFAF Edibility Rating
Medicinal Rating:PFAF Medicinal RatingPFAF Medicinal RatingPFAF Medicinal RatingPFAF Medicinal RatingPFAF Medicinal Rating
Tea:Yes
Poisonous

Tilia × europaea (common name: common lime)

Propagation: Seed - much of the seed produced in Britain is not viable, cut a few seedcases open to see if there is a seed inside[1]. If possible, obtain fresh seed that is ripe but has not as yet developed a hard seed coat and sow it immediately in a cold frame. It may germinate in the following spring though it could take 18 months[1]. Stored seed can be very slow to germinate. It has a hard seed coat, embryo dormancy and a hard coat on the pericarp. All these factors mean that the seed may take up to 8 years to germinate[1]. One way of shortening this time is to stratify the seed for 5 months at high temperatures (10°c at night, up to 30°c by day) and then 5 months cold stratification[1]. When they are large enough to handle, prick the seedlings out into individual pots and grow them on in the greenhouse for their first winter. Plant them out into their permanent positions in late spring or early summer, after the last expected frosts.

Layering in spring just before the leaves unfurl. Takes 1 - 3 years[2].

Suckers, when formed, can be removed with as much root as possible during the dormant season and replanted immediately[3].

Cultivation: Prefers a good moist loamy alkaline to neutral soil but succeeds on slightly acid soils[4][3]. Grows poorly on any very dry or very wet soil[3]. Succeeds on poorer soils than T. platyphyllos[4][5]. Tolerates considerable exposure[6].

A very valuable bee plant[4]. The flowers are toxic to bees[7]. A food plant for the caterpillars of many butterfly and moth species[8]. This tree is frequently infested by aphis[9][3], which cover the ground and the leaves with a sticky honeydew[7].

Although a hybrid species, it does produce fertile seed in Britain[9].

Lime trees tend to hybridise freely if other members of the genus are growing nearby[10]. If growing plants from seed it is important to ensure the seed came from a wild source or from an isolated clump of the single species[K].

Easily transplanted, even when quite large, trees up to 60 years old have been moved successfully[11][12].

Can be coppiced, the tree produces suckers very freely[13][3].

Grows best in a woodland situation, young plants tolerate a reasonable level of side shade[3].

Plants in this genus are notably resistant to honey fungus[3].

Range: A hybrid, probably T. cordata. x T. platyphyllos.

Habitat: Not known in a truly wild situation.

Edibility: Young leaves - raw[14][15][16]. Excellent in salads, they are mild and mucilaginous.

A refreshing tea is made from the dried flowers[16]. A honey-like fragrance[16]. Some caution is advised, see notes above on toxicity.

Flowers - used as a vegetable[16].

A very acceptable chocolate substitute can be made from a paste of the ground-up flowers and immature fruit. Trials on marketing the product failed because the paste is very apt to decompose[17][18].

Sap - used as a drink or concentrated to make a syrup and used as a sweetener[19][18][16].

An edible manna is obtained from the tree[16]. No further details, does this report refer to the sap?

Medicinal: Lime flowers are a popular domestic remedy for a number of ailments, especially in the treatment of colds and other ailments where sweating is desirable[20]. A tea made from the fresh or dried flowers is antispasmodic, diaphoretic, expectorant, hypotensive, laxative and sedative[19][20][21][22][10]. Lime flower tea is also used internally in the treatment of indigestion, hypertension, hardening of the arteries, hysteria, nervous vomiting or palpitation[19][10]. The flowers are harvested commercially and often sold in health shops etc[22]. Lime flowers are said to develop narcotic properties as they age and so they should only be harvested when freshly opened[10].

A charcoal made from the wood is used in the treatment of gastric or dyspeptic disturbances and is also made into a powder then applied to burns or sore places[19].

Usage: A fibre from the inner bark is used to make mats, shoes, baskets, ropes etc[11][21][5][23][24][25]. It is also suitable for cloth[18]. It is harvested from trunks that are 15 - 30cm in diameter[18]. The fibre can also be used for making paper[26]. The stems are harvested in spring or summer, the leaves are removed and the stems steamed until the fibres can be stripped. The outer bark is removed from the inner bark by peeling or scraping. The fibres are cooked for 2 hours with lye and then beaten in a ball mill. The paper is beige in colour[26].

Wood - soft, white, easily carved. It is very suitable for carving domestic items and small non-durable items[19][21][23][24][18]. A charcoal made from the wood is used for drawing[23][24][18].

Pollinators: Insects

Soil: Can grow in light, medium, and heavy soils.

Drainage: Prefers well drained soil.

Wind: Tolerates strong winds

Flower Type: Hermaphrodite

Known Hazards: If the flowers used for making tea are too old, they may produce symptoms of narcotic intoxication[19].

Also Known As: T. x. europaea. L. T. intermedia. T. officinarum.

Links

References

  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 McMillan-Browse, Philip. Hardy Woody Plants from Seed. Grower Books, 1985.
  2. ↑ Sheat, Wilfrid. Propagation of Trees, Shrubs and Conifers. St Martin, 1948.
  3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 3.2 3.3 3.4 3.5 3.6 Huxley, Anthony. The New Royal Horticultural Society Dictionary of Gardening. MacMillan Press, 1992.
  4. ↑ 4.0 4.1 4.2 Bean, William. Trees and Shrubs Hardy in Great Britain. Murray, 1981.
  5. ↑ 5.0 5.1 Hylton, Josie and William Holtom. Complete Guide to Herbs. Rodale Press, 1979.
  6. ↑ Royal Horticultural Society. The Plantsman Vol. 5. 1983 - 1984. Royal Horticultural Society, 1983.
  7. ↑ 7.0 7.1 Brickell, Christopher. The RHS Gardener's Encyclopedia of Plants and Flowers. Dorling Kindersley Publishers, 1990.
  8. ↑ Carter, David. Butterflies and Moths in Britain and Europe. Pan, 1982.
  9. ↑ 9.0 9.1 Clapham, Arthur and Tom Tootin, Edmund Warburg. Flora of the British Isles. Cambridge University Press, 1962.
  10. ↑ 10.0 10.1 10.2 10.3 Bown, Deni. Royal Horticultural Society Encyclopaedia of Herbs and Their Uses. Dorling Kindersley, 1995.
  11. ↑ 11.0 11.1 Chittendon, Fred. RHS Dictionary of Plants. Oxford University Press, 1951.
  12. ↑ Komarov, Vladimir. Flora of the USSR. Gantner Verlag, 1968.
  13. ↑ Gordon, A and D Rowe. Seed Manual for Ornamental Trees and Shrubs. 1982.
  14. ↑ Mabey, Richard. Plants with a Purpose. Fontana, 1979.
  15. ↑ Kunkel, Günther. Plants for Human Consumption. Koeltz Scientific Books, 1984.
  16. ↑ 16.0 16.1 16.2 16.3 16.4 16.5 Facciola, Stephen. Cornucopia - A Source Book of Edible Plants. Kampong Publications, 1990.
  17. ↑ Hedrick, Ulysses. Sturtevant's Edible Plants of the World. Dover Publications, 1972.
  18. ↑ 18.0 18.1 18.2 18.3 18.4 18.5 Sowerby, John. The Useful Plants of Great Britain. 1862.
  19. ↑ 19.0 19.1 19.2 19.3 19.4 19.5 Grieve, Margaret. A Modern Herbal. Penguin, 1984.
  20. ↑ 20.0 20.1 Launert, Edmund. Edible and Medicinal Plants. Hamlyn, 1981.
  21. ↑ 21.0 21.1 21.2 Triska, Jan. Encyclopaedia of Plants. Hamlyn, 1975.
  22. ↑ 22.0 22.1 Lauriault, Jean. Identification Guide to the Trees of Canada. Fitzhenry and Whiteside, 1989.
  23. ↑ 23.0 23.1 23.2 Uphof, Johannes. Dictionary of Economic Plants. Weinheim, 1959.
  24. ↑ 24.0 24.1 24.2 Usher, George. A Dictionary of Plants Used by Man. Constable, 1974.
  25. ↑ Polunin, Oleg. Flowers of Europe. Oxford University Press, 1969.
  26. ↑ 26.0 26.1 Bell, Lilian. Plant Fibres for Papermaking. Liliaceae Press, 1988.


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