Ribes nigrum
| Ribes nigrum | |
| Light: |   |
| Moisture: |  |
| Hardiness: | 5 |
| Soil pH: | 5.6-8.4 |
| Self Pollinated | |
| Height: | 6' |
| Blooms: | Mid Spring-Late Spring |
| Open Woods Forest | |
| Native to: | |
| Edible Rating: |  |
| Medicinal Rating: |  |
| Tea: | Yes |
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Ribes nigrum (common name: blackcurrant)
Propagation: Seed - best sown as soon as it is ripe in the autumn in a cold frame. Stored seed requires 3 months cold stratification at between 0 and 5°c and should be sown as early in the year as possible[1][2]. Under normal storage conditions the seed can remain viable for 17 years or more. Prick out the seedlings into individual pots when they are large enough to handle and grow them on in a cold frame for their first winter, planting them out in late spring of the following year.
Cuttings of half-ripe wood, 10 - 15cm with a heel, July/August in a frame[3][1].
Cuttings of mature wood of the current year's growth, preferably with a heel of the previous year's growth, November to February in a cold frame or sheltered bed outdoors[3][4].
Cultivation: Easily grown in a moisture retentive but well-drained loamy soil of at least moderate quality[5][4]. Best grown on a deep sandy loam[6]. Dislikes very heavy clay, chalky soils and thin dry soils, but it can succeed on most soil types if plenty of organic matter is incorporated[6]. Plants require plenty of nitrogen if they are to do well[4]. Prefers a pH in the range 6.7 to 7 and is intolerant of acid soils[4]. Plants are quite tolerant of shade though do not fruit so well in such a position[5]. Plants fruit less freely when grown in windy sites[4].
The plant is hardy to about -20°c, though flowers are damaged at -1°c[4].
Blackcurrants are widely cultivated in temperate areas for their edible fruit, there are many named varieties[7][4]. Most fruit is produced on one year old wood. Pruning usually consists of removing about a third of all the stems from just above ground level in the autumn. The oldest stems with least new growth are removed since these will be the poorest fruiters. The plant is able to make new growth from the base of the removed stems and, if the plants are well fed, this growth is very vigorous and will fruit heavily the following year. The flowers can self-fertilize but many cultivars fruit better with insect pollination[4].
Plants can harbour a stage of 'white pine blister rust', so they should not be grown in the vicinity of pine trees[8]. Plants in this genus are notably susceptible to honey fungus[4].
Range: Europe, including Britain, from Scandanavia south and east to France, Bulgaria, N. and C. Asia.
Habitat: Hedges and woodlands, often by streams[9][10].
Edibility: Fruit - raw or cooked. An excellent aromatic flavour[K]. The fully ripe fruit is very acceptable raw, though it is more often cooked and used to make pies, jams etc[6][11][12][9][13]. Very rich in vitamin C[14]. The fruit is about 10mm in diameter[4], though selected cultivars have larger fruits[K].
The leaves are used in soups[7].
The dried leaves are a tea substitute[15][16][7]. They are sometimes added to blended herb teas[17].
Medicinal: Blackcurrant fruits are a good source of minerals and vitamins, especially vitamin C. They have diuretic and diaphoretic actions, help to increase bodily resistance to infections and are a valuable remedy for treating colds and flu[18][19]. The juice, especially when fresh or vacuum-sealed, helps to stem diarrhoea and calms indigestion[18][19].
The leaves are cleansing, diaphoretic and diuretic[18][9]. By encouraging the elimination of fluids they help to reduce blood volume and thereby lower blood pressure[19]. An infusion is used in the treatment of dropsy, rheumatic pain and whooping cough, and can also be used externally on slow-healing cuts and abscesses[9].It can be used as a gargle for sore throats and mouth ulcers[19]. The leaves are harvested during the growing season and can be used fresh or dried[17].
It is believed that an infusion of the leaves increases the secretion of cortisol by the adrenal glands, and thus stimulates the activity of the sympathetic nervous system[19]. This action may prove useful in the treatment of stress-related conditions[19].
An infusion of the young roots is useful in the treatment of eruptive fevers[18].
A decoction of the bark has been found of use in the treatment of calculus, dropsy and haemorrhoidal tumours[18].
The seed is a source of gamma-linolenic acid, an unsaturated fatty acid which assists the production of hormone-like substances[17]. This process is commonly blocked in the body, causing disorders that affect the uterine muscles, nervous system and metabolism[17]. We have no records of the oil from this species being used medicinally, though it is used in cosmetic preparations[17][K].
Usage: The oil from the seed is added to skin preparations and cosmetics. It is often combined with vitamin E to prevent oxidation[17].
A yellow dye is obtained from the leaves[20].
A blue or violet dye is obtained from the fruit[20].
The leaves are used for vegetable preservation.[15].
Pollinators: Bees, self
Notes: Excellent for light shade in the woodland garden.
We can supply a few young plants, or they can be easily obtained from a garden centre.
Soil: Can grow in light, medium, and heavy soils.
Drainage: Prefers well drained soil.
In Leaf: Early Spring-Late Fall
Seed Ripens: Mid Summer-Late Summer
Flower Type: Hermaphrodite
Links
References
- ↑ 1.0 1.1 Dirr, Michael and Charles Heuser. The Reference Manual of Woody Plant Propagation. Athens Ga. Varsity Press, 1987.
- ↑ Bird, Alfred. Growing from Seed Volume 4. Thompson and Morgan, 1990.
- ↑ 3.0 3.1 Sheat, Wilfrid. Propagation of Trees, Shrubs and Conifers. St Martin, 1948.
- ↑ 4.0 4.1 4.2 4.3 4.4 4.5 4.6 4.7 4.8 4.9 Huxley, Anthony. The New Royal Horticultural Society Dictionary of Gardening. MacMillan Press, 1992.
- ↑ 5.0 5.1 Bean, William. Trees and Shrubs Hardy in Great Britain. Murray, 1981.
- ↑ 6.0 6.1 6.2 Chittendon, Fred. RHS Dictionary of Plants. Oxford University Press, 1951.
- ↑ 7.0 7.1 7.2 Facciola, Stephen. Cornucopia - A Source Book of Edible Plants. Kampong Publications, 1990.
- ↑ Arnberger, Leslie. Flowers of the Southwest Mountains. Southwestern Monuments, 1968.
- ↑ 9.0 9.1 9.2 9.3 Launert, Edmund. Edible and Medicinal Plants. Hamlyn, 1981.
- ↑ Clapham, Arthur and Tom Tootin, Edmund Warburg. Flora of the British Isles. Cambridge University Press, 1962.
- ↑ Hedrick, Ulysses. Sturtevant's Edible Plants of the World. Dover Publications, 1972.
- ↑ Mabey, Richard. Food for Free. Collins, 1974.
- ↑ Nicholson, Barbara and Stephen Harrison. The Oxford Book of Food Plants. Oxford University Press, 1975.
- ↑ Phillips, Roger. Herbs. Pan Books, 1990.
- ↑ 15.0 15.1 Komarov, Vladimir. Flora of the USSR. Gantner Verlag, 1968.
- ↑ Kunkel, Günther. Plants for Human Consumption. Koeltz Scientific Books, 1984.
- ↑ 17.0 17.1 17.2 17.3 17.4 17.5 Bown, Deni. Royal Horticultural Society Encyclopaedia of Herbs and Their Uses. Dorling Kindersley, 1995.
- ↑ 18.0 18.1 18.2 18.3 18.4 Grieve, Margaret. A Modern Herbal. Penguin, 1984.
- ↑ 19.0 19.1 19.2 19.3 19.4 19.5 Chevallier, Andrew. The Encyclopedia of Medicinal Plants. Dorling Kindersley, 1996.
- ↑ 20.0 20.1 Polunin, Oleg. Flowers of Europe. Oxford University Press, 1969.